Developmental expression of galanin-like immunoreactivity by members of the avian sympathoadrenal cell lineage

Abstract

The developmental coexpression of galanin-like immunoreactivity with the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was studied in the avian embryo sympathoadrenal system using double-labeling immunocytochemistry. Galanin-like immunoreactivity is expressed by various catecholaminergic cell populations, namely sympathoblasts, chromaffin and small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, but not by principal neurons of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia. Both galanin and somatostatin immunoreactivities are coexpressed in the adrenal and sympathetic ganglion primordia by the neural precursors, but the subsequent expression pattern of both peptides differs. Our results support the hypothesis that early sympathoblasts express a large repertoire of neuroactive substances and that the expression of these becomes restricted during further development as the sympathoblasts become principal neurons.

Gene expression profiling of intestinal regeneration in the sea cucumber

“…Previous studies from our laboratory have shown dramatic changes in the cytoskeleton of cells in the regenerating intestine. Many of these changes were associated with de-differentiation of the mesenterial muscle during the initial regeneration stages and with the processes of myogenesis, innervation and luminal epithelial formation in later regenerative stages [ 6 , 8 , 10 , 11 ]. In fact, during the regenerative process muscle cells actively extrude their contractile apparatus as spindle-like structures (SLSs) [ 8 ].…”

Galanin and galanin receptor expression in neuroblastic tumours: correlation with their differentiation status

“…During embryogenesis, galanin was widely expressed in differentiating neurones of the peripheral nervous system but dramatically decreased postnatally and was no longer observed in mature principal sympathetic neurones of avian models (Barreto-Estrada et al, 1997;Garcia-Arraras and Torres-Avillan, 1999), as well as in rodent (Xu et al, 1996) and human (Marti et al, 1987;Del Fiacco and Quartu, 1994) primary sensory neurones. Similarly, in NB, most undifferentiated neuronal cells displayed robust galanin expression while its levels were reduced in the well-differentiated GN neuronal cells.…”

“…Accounting for the different biological effects, three distinct G-protein-coupled galanin receptor subtypes termed Gal-R1, Gal-R2 and Gal-R3 have been cloned in human (Habert-Ortoli et al, 1994;Kolakowski et al, 1998). Experiments in animal models suggest a role for this peptide within the sympathetic nervous system during its development (Garcia-Arraras and Torres-Avillan, 1999). No data regarding the distribution and the role of galanin in the human sympathetic system is available so far.…”

Sympathetic innervation of the development, maturity, and aging of the gastrointestinal tract

“…The adrenergic, cholinergic, and peptide phenotypes of the prenatal sympathetic ganglia are differentially regulated. When cells differentiate into sympathoblasts, they express noradrenergic and transient cholinergic properties and many other neurotransmitters, including serotonin, VIP, SOM, NPY, cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART), GAL, and ENK (Chan et al, 2018; García‐Arrarás et al, 1984, 1986; García‐Arrarás & Martínez, 1990; García‐Arrarás & Torres‐Avillán, 1999; Tyrrell & Landis, 1994a, 1994b). As sympathoblasts differentiate into principal neurons, the initial expression of ChAT, serotonin, and many neuropeptides is lost (Cane & Anderson, 2009; Ernsberger et al, 2020; Rohrer, 2011).…”