Sympathetic innervation of the development, maturity, and aging of the gastrointestinal tract

Abstract

The sympathetic nervous system inhibits gut motility, secretion, and blood flow in the gut microvasculature and can modulate gastrointestinal inflammation. Sympathetic neurons signal via catecholamines, neuropeptides, and gas mediators. In the current review, we summarize the current understanding of the mature sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract with a focus mainly on the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia as the main output to the gut. We also highlight recent work regarding the developmental processes of sympathetic innervation. The anatomy, neurochemistry, and connections of the sympathetic prevertebral ganglia with different parts of the gut are considered in adult organisms during prenatal and postnatal development and aging. The processes and mechanisms that control the development of sympathetic neurons, including their migratory pathways, neuronal differentiation, and aging, are reviewed.

Effectiveness of Novel Sympathetic Nerve Entrapment Point Injections for Chronic Migraine: A Pilot Study

“…Sympathetic nerves that innervate the stomach arise at the T6-9 level, and postganglionic sympathetic neurons use norepinephrine as the main neurotransmitter [38]. When a sympathetic nerve becomes excited, it inhibits gastrointestinal motility and induces vasoconstriction by acting on vascular smooth muscle to regulate gastric blood flow [38,39]. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are located in the intervertebral foramen of the corresponding level.…”

Age-dependent patterns of somatostatinergic neurons in sympathetic paravertebral ganglia

“…Нейромедиаторный состав симпатических нейронов изменяется в онтогенезе, а также различен по локализации в ганглиях [8][9][10]. В частности, у крысы в эмбриогенезе на 16 сутки эмбрионального развития наблюдается транзиторная экспрессия SST в большинстве симпатических ганглионарных нейронов [10,11].…”

“…Во время эмбрионального развития морской свинки в солнечном сплетении SST-иммунореактивные (immunoreactive, IR) нейроны появляются позже, чем NPY-IR, причем большинство (75%) SST-IR нейронов на поздних эмбриональных стадиях продолжают экспрессировать NPY, что в неонатальном периоде наблюдается редко (<2%) [8,12].…”

The autonomic nervous system from a morphofunctional perspective: Historical overview and current concepts over the last two centuries highlighting contributions from Eastern Europe

“…The guest editor of this special issue, Prof. Dr. Petr Masliukov from Yaroslavl State Medical University, in collaboration with several national and international colleagues, studied for more than 20 years the sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract at the developmental, neonatal, adult and aged stages of life. His main findings, including neuroplasticity of the sympathetic gastrointestinal innervation, are nicely summarized in a review in this issue (Masliukov et al, 2023), while the original contribution of Proseva and Preobrazhensky (2023) and those of Budnik and Masliukov (2023) and Kirov et al (2023) focus on the neurochemical profiles of sympathetic preganglionic neurons and myenteric neurons, respectively.…”