Development trend, environmental and ecological impacts, and policy recommendations for Bohai Sea reclamation

Xiyong, 侯西勇 Hou; Hua, 张华 Zhang; Dong, 李东 Li; Wan, 侯婉 Hou; Yang, 宋洋 Song

doi:10.5846/stxb201706261145

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…According to Wang et al (2019), the annual sewage produced by cities around the Bohai Sea increased from 1.5 × 10 9 tons in the late 1980s to 3 × 10 9 tons in 2000 and to 7.5 × 10 9 tons in the mid-2010s, adding nutrient filtration burden to natural coastal wetlands. However, a geographic information system-based study (supported with satellite imagery analyses) suggested that coastal reclamation shortened the natural coastline of Bohai Sea from 1,397 km in 1990 to 561 km in 2014 (Hou et al, 2018). According to some researchers (e.g., Comín et al, 2014;Crumpton, 2001;Geho et al, 2007), these changes may decrease the nutrient filtration effect of coastal wetlands.…”

Section: Possible Causes For the Recent Sharp Drop Of Summertime Do In The Central Bohai Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of Summertime Hypoxia and Concurrent Carbonate Mineral Suppression in the Central Bohai Sea, China

Zhai

Zhao

et al. 2019

JGR Biogeosciences

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The Bohai Sea to the west of the North Yellow Sea in the Northwest Pacific is a semienclosed shallow‐water marginal sea on a critical path of eutrophication and environmental degradation. To better understand the Bohai Sea metabolism‐induced summertime dissolved oxygen (DO) decline and acidification, eight field surveys were conducted between August 2011 and September 2017, investigating seasonal and interannual variations in DO and carbonate system parameters in the central Bohai Sea. The historically lowest Bohai Sea DO was recorded at 66 μmol O2/kg in subsurface waters in early September 2015. By comparing our data set with literature data obtained in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, the emergence history of summertime hypoxia in this marginal sea was shown. Associated with the seasonal DO shortage, the metabolism‐enhanced CO2 accumulation in subsurface waters in summer resulted in critical aragonite saturation states of close to or even less than 1.5, threatening calcifiers with potentially severe consequences for valuable shellfish fisheries. Based on model results combining the aerobic respiration (as indicated by apparent oxygen utilization) and the given wintertime/springtime atmospheric CO2 level of the time, this study suggests that combined stresses of the seasonal DO shortage and CO2 acidification capable of threatening Bohai Sea ecosystems could develop within decades.

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Section: Possible Causes For the Recent Sharp Drop Of Summertime Do In The Central Bohai Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of Summertime Hypoxia and Concurrent Carbonate Mineral Suppression in the Central Bohai Sea, China

Zhai

Zhao

et al. 2019

JGR Biogeosciences

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“…The rate of coastline change was relatively slow from 2000 to 2005, significantly increased from 2005 to 2015, and decreased from 2015 to 2020. These changes can be attributed to China's successive policies aimed at constraining development and strengthening the protection of the Bohai Sea [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over time, there has been a gradual deepening of land use, in line with urban expansion and economic development. This trend is likely due to the increasing demand for land utilization and integration, leading to artificial breeding areas encroaching on wetland environments, and construction land encroaching on cultivated land and forest land [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial–Temporal Changes in Land Use and Their Driving Forces in the Circum-Bohai Coastal Zone of China from 2000 to 2020

Cui

Wang³

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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Over the past two decades, the location and morphology of the coastline, as well as the land use/land cover (LULC) in the Circum-Bohai region in China, have undergone significant changes due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. Analyzing the temporal and spatial variation in coastal lines and LULC can provide a meaningful basis for the rational allocation of land resources. Using Landsat TM/OLI series dates from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, this study applied the Linear Superposition Water Index (LSWI) and the Otsu threshold method (OTSU) algorithm to extract and analyze the coastline of the Circum-Bohai region. Additionally, the Random Forests (RF) method was employed to extract LULC information in the coastal zone. Using the geographical detector, we further explored the influence of social and economic factors, as well as natural factors, on spatial differentiation mechanisms of LULC change in the Circum-Bohai. Our results show that between 2000 and 2020, the Circum-Bohai coastline generally expanded towards the ocean by a total of 1062.99 km. The highest rate of change occurred during 2010 to 2015, and human activities were the primary cause of most of the changes, with the exception of the Yellow River Delta, where natural factors were dominant. The main types of LULC in the study area from 2000 to 2020 were farmland and construction land. The area of farmland proportion decreased by 1.75%, while the area of construction land proportion increased from 16.73% to 29.54%. Our findings indicate that the degree of land use in the Circum-Bohai is deepening. Based on our factor detection analysis, the added value of the secondary industry was the most critical influencing factor on LULC. Furthermore, the combined effect of the added value of the secondary industry and gross domestic product (GDP) has a significant driving impact on LULC. These findings can provide reference and data support for the sustainable development and comprehensive management of land resources. The relevant departments can use these results to prompt corresponding policies for the rational allocation of land resources.

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“…The tidal flats along Jiaozhou Bay are key habitats for fish spawning and migration, sources of food for migratory birds, and areas of animal and plant growth. Large-scale reclamation activities have converted a large number of tidal flat wetlands along Jiaozhou Bay, resulting in a large reduction in the biological species in the tidal flat wetlands and the endangerment or local disappearance of ecological service functions [55]. On the coast of Jiaozhou Bay, activities such as aquaculture, port docks, and port industries have increased the discharge of pollutants into the sea, while the reduction in tidal flats has weakened the self-purification capacity of the sea area.…”

Section: The Damage Caused By Tidal Flat Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tidal Flat Extraction and Change Analysis Based on the RF-W Model: A Case Study of Jiaozhou Bay, East China

Yan

Zhao

et al. 2021

Remote Sensing

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Coastal tidal flats are important ecological resources. As the dividing line between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, tidal flats provide a large number of ecosystem services. However, with the excessive development of coastal areas, tidal flat resources have been drastically reduced, leading to the deterioration of coastal ecosystems. There is an urgent need to acquire accurate information on the changes in tidal flat resources. This research proposes a tidal flat extraction model (RF-W model) that combines the random forest (RF) method and waterline method, which aims to improve the accuracy of tidal flat extraction. This method can effectively eliminate the shortcomings of the RF method in determining the lower boundary of tidal flats and those of the waterline method in distinguishing river channels and tidal flats. The tidal flat extraction of Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay in 2020 is performed as an example of the model. The results show that the user’s and producer’s accuracies of the RF-W model were both the highest, indicating that the improved model can accurately extract tidal flat information. Then, we used the RF-W model to extract tidal flat information for Jiaozhou Bay in seven periods (1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020) and to study the spatiotemporal changes in the tidal flats and influencing factors from 1990 to 2020. The tidal flat area of Jiaozhou Bay showed an overall downward trend before 2015, and the area decreased by 21.9 km2, with a reduction in the rate of approximately 1.1%/year. After 2015, the tidal flat area rebounded slightly. The overall change in Jiaozhou Bay showed reclamation and expansion toward the sea. The reduction in the sand content of the rivers entering the sea, reclamation and cultivation, and land development were the main factors contributing to the reduction in the tidal flat area in Jiaozhou Bay. In addition, sea level rise due to climate warming is a long-term potential factor.

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Development trend, environmental and ecological impacts, and policy recommendations for Bohai Sea reclamation

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Emergence of Summertime Hypoxia and Concurrent Carbonate Mineral Suppression in the Central Bohai Sea, China

Emergence of Summertime Hypoxia and Concurrent Carbonate Mineral Suppression in the Central Bohai Sea, China

Spatial–Temporal Changes in Land Use and Their Driving Forces in the Circum-Bohai Coastal Zone of China from 2000 to 2020

Tidal Flat Extraction and Change Analysis Based on the RF-W Model: A Case Study of Jiaozhou Bay, East China

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