Development of wood and wood ash-based hydroxyapatite composites and their fire-retarding properties

Surface hardness and flammability of Na2SiO3and nano-TiO2reinforced wood composites

“…13 In a study by Akaki et al, a suspension of hydroxyapatite (HAP) was used to treat Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) sapwood. 14 Similarly, Taghiyari et al used a suspension of aluminium oxide nanoparticles to impregnate poplar wood. 15 Impregnation of wood with metal particulates is also well described in literature.…”

Impact of Water Content on Energy Potential and Combustion Characteristics of Methanol and Ethanol Fuels

“…A comparison of the mHRR ( Figure 3) and MARHE ( Figure 4) with the data in [24][25][26][27][29][30][31][32] shows that the undiluted methanol and ethanol both exhibit a higher mHRR and MARHE than most natural polymers (fuels), but are at the same time lower than most synthetic polymers and flammable liquids. This comparison further demonstrates that methanol with a water content of 40% and ethanol with a water content of 60% both exhibit a lower mHRR and MARHE than most substances.…”

“…The comparison of Figure 2 with the results of the scientific paper of Martinka et al [21] shows that methanol and ethanol had a lower maximum heat release rate than automotive gasoline, but the course of the heat release rate was similar. The comparison of the heat release rate for solid biorenewable sources (lignocellulosic fuels) published in scientific papers of Janssens, Maciulaitis et al, Akaki et al, and Carosio et al [24][25][26][27] demonstrates that undiluted methanol and ethanol exhibit higher heat release rates and more even heat release than lignocellulosic fuels. Conversely, methanol with a water content equal to or higher than 40% and ethanol with a water content equal to or higher than 60% showed a lower heat release rate than solid biorenewable fuels according to Janssens, Maciulaitis et al, Akaki et al, and Carosio et al [24][25][26][27].…”

An Insight to the Various Applications of Hydroxyapatite

“…Flame retardants are an important safety aspect in modern life, being incorporated into many electronic devices and plastic products that could present a fire hazard. HAp is an attractive material for flame retardants since it is non-toxic to humans, which can mitigate the adverse health effects that arise when flame retardant particles bioaccumulate in humans during fire extinguishing [140] . On its own, HAp possesses flame retardant properties due to its high heat resistance and thermal stability.…”