Development of reprogenetics and its demographic aspects

Abstract

The development of reprogenetics during the last two decades of the XX century has brought a new age of reproduction. The paper surveys different types of reprogenetics in a wider sense, i.e. different assisted reproductive technologies (ART) that include manipulation of female reproductive cell out of a woman's womb. Development of reprogenetics is documented by available quantitative indicators of the number and success of ART procedures in developed countries at the beginning of the XXI century. Since 1978, when the first baby was born from in vitro fertilization, the number of children born that way has reached 1% of all children, and in some countries even over 3%. Moreover, existing documentation is incomplete and does not include all forms of assisted reproduction - in reality, the importance of assisted reproduction is even higher and becomes demographically significant. Hence the paper indicates existing and potential effects of the ART development on the demographic development i.e. on specific demographic aspects of this phenomenon. It also points out the effects on the level of fertility, on the changes of direct fertility determinants, and on the levels of mortality and infant mortality, as well as a new understanding of birth control, the possibility of affecting biological structures, and the changes of the fundaments of marriage and family. Development perspectives of reprogenetics are also being raised in the context of bioethical discussions and indicate ethical dilemmas related to assisted reproduction. Solutions to the dilemmas define the scope of applying new reproductive technologies in the future

Assisted reproductive technologies in centers for biomedical assisted fertilization within and outside the network plans in the Republic of Serbia and their financing

“…Dostupost tehnologija asistirane reprodukcije se razvija tokom godina, a njihova primena se razlikuje u centrima za biomedicinski potpomognutu oplodnju koje su u Planu mreže (državne ustanove) i van Plana mreže (privatne ustanove). Tehnologije asistirane reprodukcije (assisted reproductive technologyu daljem tekstu ART) predstavljaju grupu najsavremenijih terapijskih postupaka za lečenje neplodnosti [1].…”

“…Ovi podaci pokazuju da je broj asistiranih reprodukcija u državnim institucijama prema broju započetih ciklusa u Srbiji za 2000. godinu iznosio 178 započetih ciklusa, za 2001. godinu iznosio 296 započetih ciklusa, za 2002 iznosio 174 započeta ciklusa i 2003. godinu iznosio 149 započetih ciklusa. Veoma skup postupak asistirane reprodukcije u Srbiji su finansirali sami parovi [1].…”

“…The availability of assisted reproduction technologies has evolved over the years, and their application differs in biomedically assisted fertilization centers that are in the Network Plan (state institutions) and outside the Network Plan (private institutions). Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a group of state-of-the-art therapeutic procedures for the treatment of infertility [1].…”