Development of Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC)

Abstract

MPPC is a novel solid-state photon counting device, which composed of Geiger-mode APD and quenching resistor. We released three kinds of pixel number of MPPC, which have 1600, 400 and 100 pixels. The basic characteristics are promising as a photon counting purpose, but existence of after-pulse and cross-talk are realized in these days [1]. We did rough measurement for these parameters. The recovery time of MPPC is determined by the value of quenching resistance and pixel capacitance. We irradiated the MPPC with high rate light pulse using by picosecond light pulser, and confirmed that the MPPC can output full height pulse after pulse length. We developed the enhanced active area type, array type and new package type MPPCs. The 3 x 3 mm type MPPC (3600pixels) achieved 13% of energy resolution (FWHM).

An enhanced high-resolution EMCCD-based gamma camera using SiPM side detection

“…67.4 V. For each SiPM, the bias voltage can be adjusted separately, to ensure relatively equal gain and noise levels. The spectral response of the SiPMs peaks at 400 nm, which lies somewhat lower than the peak emission of the CsI:Tl crystal; nevertheless, the photon-detection efficiency should be around 20-25% (Yamamoto et al 2007).…”

“…In this paper, we introduce a novel method (Beekman 2007) to use the information from these photons; silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs, Bondarenko et al 2000, Buzhan et al 2003, Yamamoto et al 2007 attached to the sides of the crystal (see figure 1) are used to detect the previously neglected photons. The information that is extracted from the SiPM signals consists of the number of scintillation events in each measured frame; this number will serve as a priori information for the detection algorithm.…”

Practical photon number detection with electric field-modulated silicon avalanche photodiodes

“…In combination with parametric down-conversion sources, photon number detection can also be used for the generation and conditioning of photonic Fock states 10 , as well as more complex quantum light states 11 . Furthermore, many applications beyond pure quantum information processing, such as quantum imaging 12 , tomography 13,14 and interferometry 15 , have been suggested to require error-free photon number detection, and extensive efforts [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] have therefore been devoted to developing photon number resolving detectors.…”

“…In contrast, avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are a mature technology for single-photon detection, which operate close to room temperature, can be fabricated using standard semiconductor processing techniques and are ideal for integration into solid state quantum information processors. As a binary device, APDs used in the so-called Geiger mode, which are also known as single-photon avalanche diodes 21 , have naturally been used as basic building blocks through multiplexing, temporally [22][23][24] or spatially [25][26][27] . In particular, silicon photomultipliers are based on high-density arrays of discrete singlephoton avalanche diodes, each with their own quenching circuit, which are monolithically integrated into a single chip and coupled electrically using external metallic connections.…”

“…However, photon number detection realized through multiplexing is not ideal for high-speed operation because of the significant extension in detection time [22][23][24] or the large RC constants [25][26][27] . Moreover, significant uncertainty in determining the incident photon number arises from crosstalk effects, long dead times and dark counts.…”