Practical photon number detection with electric field-modulated silicon avalanche photodiodes

Thomas, O.; Zhong, Yuan; Shields, A. J.

doi:10.1038/ncomms1641

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Conventional N 00 N states are difficult to produce, and photon-number-resolving detectors333435 are required to extract a metrological signal36. While multiplexed on-off detectors can be realized easily, they only count photon number approximately, and are therefore not suitable for metrological applications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential Path Entanglement for Quantum Metrology

Jin

Peng

Deng

et al. 2013

Sci Rep

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Path entanglement is a key resource for quantum metrology. Using path-entangled states, the standard quantum limit can be beaten, and the Heisenberg limit can be achieved. However, the preparation and detection of such states scales unfavourably with the number of photons. Here we introduce sequential path entanglement, in which photons are distributed across distinct time bins with arbitrary separation, as a resource for quantum metrology. We demonstrate a scheme for converting polarization Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement into sequential path entanglement. We observe the same enhanced phase resolution expected for conventional path entanglement, independent of the delay between consecutive photons. Sequential path entanglement can be prepared comparably easily from polarization entanglement, can be detected without using photon-number-resolving detectors, and enables novel applications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential Path Entanglement for Quantum Metrology

Jin

Peng

Deng

et al. 2013

Sci Rep

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“…If 3 pixels of SiPM are fired by initial carriers at the same time, denote its actual probability of occurrence as p (3). event with 1 OC event in Equation (2).…”

Section: Theoretical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The BER theoretical model and properties of SiPM‐based receiver for OOK optical communication

Zhang

Liu

Zhu

et al. 2018

Int J Communication

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The bit error rate (BER) theory of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) based on-off keying optical communication receiver, which introduces photon equivalent threshold is established. The optical crosstalk effect, the dark counts, the amplitude fluctuations of output pulses of SiPM, the baseline fluctuation, the shape of the incident light pulse, the adjacent symbol interference as well as the photon detection efficiency (PDE) are considered in the theory model.The numerical result shows that the average minimum optical power required is much smaller than that of the avalanche photodiode-based receivers under the same conditions. The BER of SiPM-based optical communication receiver is very sensitive to the PDE and optical crosstalk (OC) probability of SiPM.For the application of digital optical communication, a SiPM with high PDE but low OC probability and low dark count rate is a preference, under the premise that the output pulse is fast enough. For the state-of-the-art SiPMs, the dark count rate is small enough to obtain adequate BER, and the OC effect is not a big limitation of the performance of SiPM-based receiver. Moreover, the amplitude fluctuation and the baseline fluctuation of the SiPM-based receiver are not bottlenecks of the performance in practice. KEYWORDSbit error rate, photon equivalent threshold, receiver, silicon photomultiplier

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“…We employ an electric field-modulated silicon avalanche photodiode 13 as the photon number detector in which the electrical field profile is strongly modulated by doping to realize a spatially multiplexed detector containing N ¼ 4 single photon sensitive pixels thereby permitting photon number detection in the interval [0-4]. A device with a small active area of 20 Â 20 lm 2 is chosen for this study, each single photon sensitive pixel of which has an approximate area of 5 Â 5 lm 2 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To achieve the desired number resolution, we operate the detector by self-differencing, 13 whereby the detector is periodically cycled into and out of the Geiger-mode in order to rapidly quench the avalanches that are isolated from the capacitive response of the device by differencing the device response with a phaseshifted version of itself. DC and AC biases of 30 V and 5 V, respectively, are applied to periodically bias the device above its breakdown voltage (28 V).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient and robust quantum random number generation by photon number detection

Applegate

Thomas

Dynes

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

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Articles you may be interested inTime-gated single-photon detection module with 110 ps transition time and up to 80 MHz repetition rate Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 083114 (2014); 10.1063/1.4893385 Two-bit quantum random number generator based on photon-number-resolving detection Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 073109 (2011); 10.1063/1.3613952 Efficient photon number detection with silicon avalanche photodiodes Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 031102 (2010); 10.1063/1.3464556Single-photon detection using a quantum dot optically gated field-effect transistor with high internal quantum efficiency Appl.

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Practical photon number detection with electric field-modulated silicon avalanche photodiodes

Cited by 24 publications

References 35 publications

Sequential Path Entanglement for Quantum Metrology

Sequential Path Entanglement for Quantum Metrology

The BER theoretical model and properties of SiPM‐based receiver for OOK optical communication

Efficient and robust quantum random number generation by photon number detection

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