Development of a multi-residue method for scrutinizing psychotropic compounds in natural waters

Pharmaceuticals in freshwater aquatic environments: A comparison of the African and European challenge

“…Codeine is more frequently reported in European studies than in Africa (Gros et al, 2012a;Acuña et al, 2015;Lardy-Fontan et al, 2016;Petrie et al, 2016;Brieudes et al, 2016Brieudes et al, , 2017. This is in line with the global consumption pattern of codeine reported in a country report of 2015 (The Statistics Portal, 2015).…”

“…Diazepam is another compound belonging to PTDs. It was generally detected at concentration levels below 100 ng L −1 in aquatic environments of both continents (Osorio et al, 2012;Vazquez-Roig et al, 2012;Baker and Kasprzyk-Hordern, 2013;Acuña et al, 2015;Aymerich et al, 2016;K'oreje et al, 2016;Lardy-Fontan et al, 2016;Brieudes et al, 2017Brieudes et al, , 2016Urns et al, 2017). The maximum concentration of diazepam reported in African aquatic environments was around ~7 times higher than the maximum concentration reported in European based studies (Osorio et al, 2012;K'oreje et al, 2016).…”

“…Other compound investigated in this group are venlafaxine, it is used in treating depression and anxiety. With concentrations 0.19 ng L −1 to the level of 244 ng L −1 , venlafaxine was the most frequently reported drug from the anti-depressants therapeutic group (Bagnall et al, 2012;de Jongh et al, 2012;Gros et al, 2012b;Rúa-Gómez and Püttmann, 2012;Baker and Kasprzyk-Hordern, 2013;Acuña et al, 2015;Boix et al, 2015;Aymerich et al, 2016;Lardy-Fontan et al, 2016;Paíga et al, 2016;Petrie et al, 2016;Brieudes et al, 2016Brieudes et al, , 2017Ahkola et al, 2017;Archer et al, 2017b;Urns et al, 2017). Venlafaxine has not only the highest concentration recorded but is also more frequently reported in European aquatic environments than in Africa.…”

Simultaneous Occurrence of Psychotropic Pharmaceuticals in Surface Water of the Megacity Shanghai and Implication for Their Ecotoxicological Risks

“…The concentrations of classic anticonvulsant and antianxiety drugs detected in this study were generally higher than those reported in the surface water collected in other countries, while the concentrations of antidepressant drugs were lower. For instance, the concentrations of diazepam (19 to 230 ng/L) observed in this study were much higher than those reported in the river waters from the Seine River in Paris, France (<LOQ to 0.38 ng/L), 24 the river Calder in the United Kingdom (<LOQ to 1.1 ng/L), 25 and Clarks River in the midwestern United States (2.6 to 6.1 ng/L). 26 The concentrations of carbamazepine (2.4 to 65 ng/L) observed in this study were higher than those reported in the river waters from River Taff (<LOQ to 9.0 ng/L) in Wales, United Kingdom, 27 River Onyar, Ter (8.0 to 41 ng/L), in Girona, Spain, 28 and River East Fork (20 ng/L) in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 29 but lower than those reported in River Warta (1 to 794 ng/L) in Poland.…”

Psychoactive pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in coastal waters of North-Western Spain: Environmental exposure and risk assessment

“…Psychoactive substances commonly used worldwide also include illicit drugs (IDs). Therefore, it is perhaps not-surprising that psychoactive substances (both PaPs and IDs) are among the many PhACs that are frequently detected in surface waters (Brieudes et al, 2017;Fick et al, 2017;Marsik et al, 2017).…”