“…In addition, the rapid metabolism of nicotine renders the monitoring of nicotine concentrations in human fluids a great challenge. To date, different techniques, such as fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, electrochemistry, capillary electrophoresis (CE), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), have been used for nicotine assays. ,− HPLC is the most commonly used technique for the quantitative analysis of nicotine in real samples. However, the above methods may have several limitations such as the involvement of complex pretreatment procedures and high-potential, expensive instrumentation, and requirement of a skilled operator. , Thus, development of a convenient, efficient, cost-effective, fast-response, and highly sensitive method for nicotine determination is extremely urgent.…”