Development and validation of the maternal blues scale through bonding attachments in predicting postpartum blues

Abstract

Background: Postpartum blues in Indonesia has a high prevalence at 37% to 67%. Postpartum blues syndrome has been described as varying changes in the affective domain, such as feelings, behavior, or thoughts, that can be influenced by the roles and tasks of women, along with their social, cultural, and economic support. Instruments that measure maternal blues through bonding attachment behavior have never before been developed in Indonesia. Objective: This study aimed to develop a maternal blues scale through bonding attachments to predict postpartum blues. Method: The research design consisted of three stages: 1) phenomenology design and focus group discussion; 2) development and construction of the maternal blues scale, and 3) a cross-sectional study to measure validation of the scales. Respondents were postpartum mothers in the first week after birth. The sample comprised 501 participants. Sampling was done by consecutive sampling at the Public Health Center (PUSKESMAS) in the South Jakarta area. Data analysis used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), correlation, and a diagnostic testing . Results: Item analysis produced 32 items consisting of 24 items regarding the mother’s role and duties as internal factors and eight factors involving social, cultural, and economic support as external factors. Both factors were valid and reliable in predicting postpartum blues with indicators (t loading factors ≥ 1.96, standardized loading factor (SLF) ≥.50, internal factors: construct reliability (CR) ≥ .70 and extraction variants (VE) ≥ .50 and external factors: CR ≥ .74 to .83 VE ≥ .50 to .63). The relationship with Kennerley’s maternity blues as a gold standard was significant. Internal factors had a score of 53, with a sensitivity of 60.2%. The external factors score was 19, with a sensitivity of 77.3%. Conclusion: The new scale for postpartum blues prediction developed displayed internal consistency and validity of each indicator (internal and external factors) that was good (CR ≥ .70; VE ≥ .50). This scale provides a feasible tool to predict postpartum blues.

The Impact of Perceived Social Support During Pregnancy on Postpartum Infant-Focused Anxieties: A Prospective Cohort Study of Mothers in Northern Jordan

“…12 About 80% of women experience at least some symptoms of postpartum blues shortly after giving birth. 8 , 13 These symptoms typically include mood swings, crying spells, sleep disturbances, and fatigue. 8 , 13 Postpartum blues usually begin the first couple of days after delivery and taper off by the end of the second week postpartum.…”

“… 8 , 13 These symptoms typically include mood swings, crying spells, sleep disturbances, and fatigue. 8 , 13 Postpartum blues usually begin the first couple of days after delivery and taper off by the end of the second week postpartum. While many mothers can bounce back to feeling more normal, others find the postpartum stage a challenging time that is further aggravated by excessive worries about infant safety and well-being, feelings of dissociation, and avoidance of social situations.…”

Hubungan kecemasan, cara persalinan dan onset laktasi dengan kejadian postpartum blues

“…Di Indonesia prevalensi postpartum blues cukup tinggi yaitu 37% sampai dengan 67%. Postpartum blues cenderung menjadi prediktor depresi pospartum sebesar 15% menjadi 20% (Manurung & Setyowati, 2021).…”

“…Postpartum blues cenderung menjadi prediktor depresi pospartum (Manurung & Setyowati, 2021) yang dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan bayi karena berkurangnya kapasitas pengasuhan anak dan efek jangka panjang adalah masalah prilaku, kesehatan emosional, fisik serta keterlambatan kognitif yang dikaitkan dengan interaksi awal yang terganggu (Kokkinaki, 2015). Selain itu jika kondisi ini berlanjut dapat mengakibatkan gangguan mental yang lebih parah (Idaiani & Basuki, 2012).…”

Problem baby blues wśród polskich położnic – zakres posiadanej wiedzy wśród studentów medycyny

“…Może rozwinąć się w rzeczywistą depresję czy psychozę poporodową, skutkując samobójstwami, samookaleczeniami, ale także zaburzeniu relacji matki z dzieckiem mogącym kończyć się nawet porzuceniem dziecka. ,,Smutki poporodowe mogą być predyktorami depresji poporodowej w 15-20%" [4].…”