Developing the LDi and LCi Geomagnetic Indices, an Example of Application of the AULs Framework

Cid, C.; Guerrero, Antonio José Moreno; Sáiz, E.; Halford, A. J.; Kellerman, Adam

doi:10.1029/2019sw002171

Cited by 11 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The LDi and its derivative, the LCi, developed in the Northern Hemisphere (Cid et al., 2020), have been validated in the Southern Hemisphere. This validation was based on the availability of GIC data at two South African power stations, Grassridge and Matimba, during Halloween and Saint Patrick's Day geomagnetic storms in 2003 and 2015, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this scenario Cid et al. (2020) developed two new geomagnetic indices: the Local Disturbance index (LDi), for nowcasting local geomagnetic disturbances at mid‐latitudes, and the Local Current index (LCi), as a proxy for the geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, the interest in quantifying geomagnetic disturbances is not limited to the scientific community as these disturbances are one of the space weather hazards affecting several technological systems. In this scenario Cid et al (2020) developed two new geomagnetic indices: the Local Disturbance index (LDi), for nowcasting local geomagnetic disturbances at mid-latitudes, and the Local Current index (LCi), as a proxy for the geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) risk.The LDi index is defined as a local geomagnetic disturbance index for any location at mid-latitude. It is computed by subtracting the solar regular variation and a baseline from the 1-min horizontal component of the geomagnetic field (H) as shown below:…”

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confidence: 99%

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Validating the LDi and LCi Indices in the Southern Hemisphere

et al. 2022

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The validation of the Local Disturbance index (LDi) and its first time derivative Local Current index (LCi) is performed in the Southern Hemisphere. Two South African magnetic observatories, Hermanus and Hartebeesthoek contributed data for this study, and two South African power stations, Grassridge and Matimba, provided geomagnetically induced current (GIC) data. This validation focused on two major geomagnetic storms, Halloween and Saint Patrick's Day events that occurred in October 2003 and March 2015, respectively. The comparative evaluation of the LDi and LCi indices was executed with the help of the local horizontal component (H) and also comparing them to the global index SYM‐H. A direct comparison to measured GIC shows that LCi performs slightly better than dH/dt as a proxy for GIC. The comparison of the LDi 1‐hr magnetic disturbances values to ones calculated applying a Linear phase Robust Non‐Smoothing method to the H component yields a Pearson correlation coefficient R greater than 0.960 for different groups of magnetic storms based on intensity. The estimated SYM‐H index from LDi data showed a possible difference of about 300 nT from the published SYM‐H index values around 20:00 UT on 29 October 2003, during the Halloween storm. This study has shown that the LDi and LCi indices, developed in the Northern Hemisphere, can be calculated at similar latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere for studying local space weather conditions and now‐casting successfully local geomagnetic events.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Validating the LDi and LCi Indices in the Southern Hemisphere

et al. 2022

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“…The method is specially designed for mid latitudes, able to run in real time and with high resolution data (1 min). It is in a high state of development, given by an Applicability User Level of nine (AUL-9) (see Cid et al, 2019;Halford et al, 2019 for more information). The LDi procedure has been applied to UAH-MAG (temperature) corrected data satisfactorily.…”

Section: Obtaining a Local Geomagnetic Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

The space weather station at the University of Alcala

Guerrero

Cid

García

et al. 2021

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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The Space Weather station at the University of Alcala (UAH-STA) is a place for instrumentation that is able to produce useful products and services in a worst case scenario, assuring decision-makers the access to the data and consequently, increasing the confidence to take actions. The current development consists of an antenna to monitor ionospheric disturbances through the reception of very low frequency waves and a magnetometer to indicate the geomagnetic disturbances caused by sources external to the Earth. This work shows the development of both instruments and some examples of ionospheric and geomagnetic events recorded by both of them. This project serves also as a successful story of using space weather as a teaching tool due to the involvement of undergraduate students at final stage of industrial and telecommunication engineering.

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“…While conducting this study, we noticed ambiguities in the use of the terms “O2R” (e.g., Austin & Savani, 2018; Cranmer et al., 2017; NASA ROSES NNH19ZDA001N‐SWO2R; NRC, 2010) and “user”/“end‐user” (e.g., Cid et al., 2019; Halford et al., 2019; NRC, 00, 2010; NSTC, 2015; Schrijver et al., 2015) in the literature that we wish to discuss to clarify the scope of this study before continuing. For this study, we use the following definitions: O2R: the communication of knowledge and experience from people conducting operations activities to the research community, with the further specification of “operations” to mean “forecasting.” User: a person who uses space weather knowledge that the research community has produced to make nowcasts and forecasts, with the further specification that the person is currently employed in a semi‐regular capacity to do forecasting, not to manage or administer a forecast office.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

R2O2R Improvements Identified by United States Space Weather Forecasters

Butler

Keller

2021

Space Weather

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A communication deficit exists between the space weather research and forecast communities in the research‐to‐operations‐to‐research (R2O2R) pipeline. No formal, citable space exists for forecasters to communicate needs and lessons learned to the research community (O2R). This deficit was termed the “valleys of death and lost opportunities” (NRC, 2003, https://doi.org/10.17226/10658) and has resulted in advancements taking up to 20 years or more to become forecast operational. To provide this communication space, we surveyed a group of US civilian space weather forecasters on their needed improvements, use of available resources, and interactions with researchers, via a combination of questionnaire and focus group discussions. Nineteen needed improvements were identified, clustering into four categories: scientific understanding, access to data, forecast office tools, and instrumentation. Participants appeared to prefer resources with a robust data stream of high‐resolution and high‐time cadence data which suffer few technical issues. Participants want to be included in tool development more often and earlier in the process as they felt they were “seldom listened to when it comes to what [they] actually need.”

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Developing the LDi and LCi Geomagnetic Indices, an Example of Application of the AULs Framework

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Validating the LDi and LCi Indices in the Southern Hemisphere

Validating the LDi and LCi Indices in the Southern Hemisphere

The space weather station at the University of Alcala

R2O2R Improvements Identified by United States Space Weather Forecasters

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