Developing Gap in Immunity to Poliomyelitis in an Urban Area

Melnick, Joseph L.

doi:10.1001/jama.1969.03160210013003

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The age-specific occurrence of neutralizing antibody increased most rapidly between 4 and 11 months, and continued a generally steady increase to a peak at 8 to 14 years, when 60 to 80% of those tested were positive for antibodies. This satellite serological pattern in human beings was similar to that of EB virus and other herpesvirLtses (18) and polioviruses (12,14) in the Houston area.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…The adult sera were collected in 1964 (17). These same sera have also been studied for antibody levels to various herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr (EB) virus and cytomegalovirus (18,20) and to poliovirus (12). All sera were stored at -20 C and diluted for use in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminoethane buffer, pH 7.6, containing 2% fetal bovine serum.…”

Section: Satellite Viruses and Their Helper Adenoviruses Have 716mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroepidemiological and Ecological Studies of the Adenovirus-Associated Satellite Viruses

et al. 1970

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The seroepidemiology of the defective adenovirus-associated satellite viruses was studied by use of a neutralization test that has been shown to be much more sensitive than the complement-fixation (CF) test. Less than 25% of the subjects in any age group were positive for any type of satellite virus CF antibody. The neutralization test revealed serological evidence of satellite infection in almost 80% of the subjects in some age groups. Studies of geometric mean antibody titers by neutralization showed that antibody against type 1 and the type 2-3 complex reached peak levels at 2 to 3 years of age; antibody against types 2 and 3 reached mean titers of 500 to 800, whereas mean antibody levels of only 200 were found for type 1. Type 4 antibodies were rarely noted in human sera. In a companion study in monkeys, monospecific responses to types 1 and 4 were found only in rhesus and green monkey sera, respectively. These data suggest that the type 2-3 complex may be the only naturally occurring satellite serotype which infects man and that antibodies noted against types 1 and 4 may be the result of cross-reactions. No satellite viruses were isolated from throat or rectal swabs of 100 children between 6 months and 3 years of age. However, the patterns of adenovirus and enterovirus isolations from these specimens were typical of previous studies in this laboratory.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Satellite Viruses and Their Helper Adenoviruses Have 716mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiological and Ecological Studies of the Adenovirus-Associated Satellite Viruses

et al. 1970

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“…In the United States, experience with other vaccines had shown that it was difficult to immunize more than 80%–90% of the children in the population, particularly if 2 or 3 doses were required for maximum immune responses. Consistent with that view, serosurveys conducted in the 1960s indicated that 5%–10% of children lacked antibodies to each poliovirus type (63, 64). With a calculated susceptible population of approximately 10 million for each poliovirus type, it was assumed that wild polioviruses would circulate indefinitely.…”

Section: Poliomyelitis In Retreat: From Ipv To Eradication Of Indigenmentioning

confidence: 79%

From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis Deconstructed

Nathanson¹,

Kew²

2010

American Journal of Epidemiology

341

278

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Poliomyelitis has appeared in epidemic form, become endemic on a global scale, and been reduced to near-elimination, all within the span of documented medical history. Epidemics of the disease appeared in the late 19th century in many European countries and North America, following which polio became a global disease with annual epidemics. During the period of its epidemicity, 1900–1950, the age distribution of poliomyelitis cases increased gradually. Beginning in 1955, the creation of poliovirus vaccines led to a stepwise reduction in poliomyelitis, culminating in the unpredicted elimination of wild polioviruses in the United States by 1972. Global expansion of polio immunization resulted in a reduction of paralytic disease from an estimated annual prevaccine level of at least 600,000 cases to fewer than 1,000 cases in 2000. Indigenous wild type 2 poliovirus was eradicated in 1999, but unbroken localized circulation of poliovirus types 1 and 3 continues in 4 countries in Asia and Africa. Current challenges to the final eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis include the continued transmission of wild polioviruses in endemic reservoirs, reinfection of polio-free areas, outbreaks due to circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, and persistent excretion of vaccine-derived poliovirus by a few vaccinees with B-cell immunodeficiencies. Beyond the current efforts to eradicate the last remaining wild polioviruses, global eradication efforts must safely navigate through an unprecedented series of endgame challenges to assure the permanent cessation of all human poliovirus infections.

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“…Num programa de vigilância longitudinal da poliomielite em Houston, Texas, área de clima sub-tropical, Melnick e col. 33 verificaram no primeiro de dois inquéritos sorológicos, realizado imediatamente após a campanha inicial de vacinação oral em massa, realizada em 1963, que a proporção de triplo-negativos era quase inexistente, exceção feita a um pequeno pico no grupo de 3-9 meses (10%), sendo, por outro lado, a porcentagem de triplo-imunes acima de 90% em todos os grupos vacinados de crianças pertencentes predominantemente ao nível sócioeconômico baixo. No inquérito de 1968, 5 anos após a campanha de vacinação oral em massa, período durante o qual somente se vacinou nas clínicas oficiais de atendimento público, quando procuradas pelos pais para vacinar os seus filhos, aumentou a proporção de triplo-suscetíveis, especialmente no grupo de 3-9 meses, para nada menos do que 62%.…”

Section: Prevalência De Anticorpos E Níveis De Imunidadeunclassified

“…No grupo etário de 10-12 anos, notamos uma diminuição do nível de imunidade (Tabela 3 e Figuras 1 e 2), apresentando a proporção de 61,7% de duplo mais triplo-imunes. Fenômeno semelhante foi verificado em Houston, por Melnick e col. 33 , em 1968. Alguns estudos longitudinais bem controlados demonstraram o declínio progressivo nos níveis de anticorpos protetores, com o tempo, principalmente para o tipo 3.…”

Section: Níveis De Imunidade E Vacinação Oralunclassified

Estado imunitário relativo à poliomielite das crianças de 0-12 anos, residentes no município de São Paulo, Brasil e assistidas pelo Hospital Menino Jesus

Barbosa¹,

Stewien²

1975

Rev. Saúde Pública

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A prevalência dos anticorpos neutralizantes contra os três tipos de poliovírus e os níveis de imunidade para diferentes grupos etários foram determinados, através de um inquérito soro-epidemiológico, numa população de crianças de 0-12 anos de idade, residentes no município de São Paulo, Brasil e assistidas pelo Hospital Menino Jesus. Os resultados mostraram um número elevado de crianças suscetíveis à infecção por poliovírus no primeiro ano de vida, particularmente no grupo etário de 9-12 meses, em que a proporção de crianças completamente desprotegidas (triplo-suscetíveis) alcançou 42,5%. Neste grupo, a prevalência de anticorpos dos tipos 1, 2 e 3 foi apenas em torno de 40%. Dentre as crianças do grupo etário de 0-5 anos, que receberam três ou mais doses de vacina oral trivalente, verificou-se a baixa proporção de 60% de duplo mais triplo-imunes. Os resultados mostraram que o estado imunitário das crianças deste grupo foi o mesmo nas três zonas geográficas da Capital, sendo em torno de apenas 50% a proporção de crianças duplo mais triplo-imunes. Estes resultados indicam níveis precários de imunidade, particularmente nas crianças do primeiro ano de vida. Existe, pois, uma necessidade evidente de realizar novos inquéritos sorológicos, além de intensificar e melhorar a vacinação de manutenção contra a poliomielite em nosso meio.

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Developing Gap in Immunity to Poliomyelitis in an Urban Area

Cited by 18 publications

References 4 publications

Seroepidemiological and Ecological Studies of the Adenovirus-Associated Satellite Viruses

Seroepidemiological and Ecological Studies of the Adenovirus-Associated Satellite Viruses

From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis Deconstructed

Estado imunitário relativo à poliomielite das crianças de 0-12 anos, residentes no município de São Paulo, Brasil e assistidas pelo Hospital Menino Jesus

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