From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis Deconstructed

Nathanson, Neal; Kew, Olen M.

doi:10.1093/aje/kwq320

Cited by 341 publications

(316 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…First, cVDPVs have recovered the biologic properties of WPVs and have the potential to circulate for years in settings where polio vaccination coverage to prevent that particular type is low. In addition, for each case detected, another 100-1,000 asymptomatic infections occur among susceptible children, as is the case for WPVs (10). Second, iVDPVs can be excreted for many years by persons with certain primary immunodeficiencies, and some chronic infections are latent.…”

Section: Editorial Notementioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational aviation fatalities: Alaska 2000-2010

O’Connor¹,

Lincoln²,

Conway³

2011

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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years), and 79 (88%) of the victims were male. Of those persons who died, 53 (59%) were occupational pilots. Mean total flight hours (when available) for pilots in command (n = 43) was 7,798 hours. The most common occupations of the nonpilot victims were management (11); installation, service, and repair (seven); personal care/service occupations, including tour guides (six); and protective service occupations (four). Fixed wing aircraft were involved in 48 (89%) of the crashes and six (11%) involved helicopters. Most (65%) crashes occurred during May-September; 48% of crashes occurred during the hours of 12:01 p.m. and 6:00 p.m.The numbers and rates of occupational fatal crashes and deaths that occurred during 2005-2009 were lower than those during [2000][2001][2002][2003][2004] (Table 1). The crash rate declined 32%, from 6.5 to 4.4 crashes per 1 million departures. The fatality rate decreased 36%, from 10.8 to 6.9 per 1 million departures. However, in 2010, numbers were higher than the previous yearly average, with six occupational fatal crashes resulting in 12 deaths. A review of the departure locations and destinations revealed that 21 (39%) fatal crashes were associated with intended takeoffs or landings at non-FAA-registered landing sites, such as gravel bars, snow fields, lakes, and temporary airstrips. The other 33 (61%) crashes were associated with intended takeoffs and landings at FAA-registered airports. The leading causes of fatal crashes, by numbers of crashes, were 15 (28%) encounters with adverse weather; 11 (20%) pilots' loss of control; nine (17%) pilots' failure to maintain clearance from terrain, water or objects; and seven (13%) from engine, structure, or component failure (Table 2). Causes are undetermined for three crashes with missing aircraft, and not yet determined for all 2010 crashes.

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Section: Editorial Notementioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational aviation fatalities: Alaska 2000-2010

O’Connor¹,

Lincoln²,

Conway³

2011

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…It has been estimated that in the United States alone, about 10 -15 million enterovirus infections occur annually [1]. However, less than 10% of these infections manifest with clinical presentations [2]. Clinically manifest enterovirus infections range from very mild ones like common cold [3], to serious ones like intrauterine transmission with fatal outcome [4] and paralysis or myelitis [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of a Panenterovirus Vp1 Assay on Our Perception of the Enterovirus Diversity Landscape of a Sample

Adeniji

Faleye

Adewumi

et al. 2016

JHVRV

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The number of independent emergence of recombinant circulating vaccine derived poliovirus serotype 2 (cVDPV2) lineages and the magnitude of the outbreak in Nigeria demonstrates the significance of enterovirus co-infection and its preponderance in the country. Despite this, besides polioviruses, little or no attention is given to enterovirus co-infections. More recently, a reversetranscriptase semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-snPCR) assay for the direct detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimen was added to the WHO recommended protocols for enterovirus surveillance. We previously showed that primers 292 and 222 (for which AN89 and AN88, respectively, are consensus degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primers [CODEHOP] versions) mask the presence of enterovirus co-infections. We therefore ask whether the primers AN89 and AN88 used in this recently recommended RT-snPCR protocol, like primers 292 and 222, will also mask the presence of enterovirus co-infections. RNA was extracted from 30 archived samples (both clinical specimen and cell culture isolates) and the VP1 gene amplified using the WHO recommended RTsnPCR assay and modifications that included the primers 187, 188 and 189 for which primer 292 (and consequently AN89) is a consensus. Amplicons were sequenced and isolates identified. Our results showed that primers AN89 and AN88 also mask enterovirus co-infection and inclusion of the primers 187, 188 and 189 allowed the resolution of such mixed isolates. Consequently, expanding the recommended RT-snPCR protocol to include primers 187, 188 and 189 will enable us better detect enterovirus co-infection.

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“…1 Paralytic disease occurs in ,1% of unvaccinated children infected by the virus (generally ranging by serotype from 1 in 200 infections to 1 in 2000 infections; type 1 is the most neurovirulent and type 2 the least neurovirulent). 2 Case fatality rates among people with paralytic disease range from 5% to 10% and are variable by region as well as by age groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eradicating Polio: How the World’s Pediatricians Can Help Stop This Crippling Illness Forever

Orenstein¹

2015

Pediatrics

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The American Academy of Pediatrics strongly supports the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. This plan was endorsed in November 2012 by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization of the World Health Organization and published by the World Health Organization in April 2013. As a key component of the plan, it will be necessary to stop oral polio vaccine (OPV) use globally to achieve eradication, because the attenuated viruses in the vaccine rarely can cause polio. The plan includes procedures for elimination of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs). cVDPVs can proliferate when vaccine viruses are transmitted among susceptible people, resulting in mutations conferring both the neurovirulence and transmissibility characteristics of wild polioviruses. Although there are 3 different types of wild poliovirus strains, the polio eradication effort has already resulted in the global elimination of type 2 poliovirus for more than a decade. Type 3 poliovirus may be eliminated because the wild type 3 poliovirus was last detected in 2012. Thus, of the 3 wild types, only wild type 1 poliovirus is still known to be circulating and causing disease. OPV remains the key vaccine for eradicating wild polioviruses in polio-infected countries because it induces high levels of systemic immunity to prevent paralysis and intestinal immunity to reduce transmission. However, OPV is a rare cause of paralysis and the substantial decrease in wild-type disease has resulted in estimates that the vaccine is causing more polio-related paralysis annually in recent years than the wild virus. The new endgame strategic plan calls for stepwise removal of the type 2 poliovirus component from trivalent oral vaccines, because type 2 wild poliovirus appears to have been eradicated (since 1999) and yet is the main cause of cVDPV outbreaks and approximately 40% of vaccine-associated paralytic polio cases. The Endgame and Strategic Plan will be accomplished by shifting from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV (containing types 1 and 3 poliovirus only). It will be necessary to introduce trivalent inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) into routine immunization programs in all countries using OPV to provide population immunity to type 2 before the switch from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative hopes to achieve global eradication of polio by 2018 with this strategy, after which all OPV use will be stopped. Challenges expected for adding IPV into routine immunization schedules include higher cost of IPV compared with OPV, cold-chain capacity limits, more complex administration of vaccine because IPV requires injections as opposed to oral administration, and inferior intestinal immunity conferred by IPV. The goal of this report is to help pediatricians understand the change in strategy and outline ways that pediatricians can help global polio eradication efforts, including advocating for the resources needed to accomplish polio eradication and for incorporation of IPV into routine immunization programs in all countries.

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From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis Deconstructed

Cited by 341 publications

References 77 publications

Occupational aviation fatalities: Alaska 2000-2010

Occupational aviation fatalities: Alaska 2000-2010

The Impact of a Panenterovirus Vp1 Assay on Our Perception of the Enterovirus Diversity Landscape of a Sample

Eradicating Polio: How the World’s Pediatricians Can Help Stop This Crippling Illness Forever

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