Developing and feasibility testing of the Indonesian computer-based game prototype for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop an Indonesian computer-based game prototype, including feasibility testing, targeted on attention deficit/hypersensitivity disorder (ADHD) clinical symptoms and executive function. The study comprised five steps. The first to third steps used an exploratory qualitative research design. The Delphi technique with FGD was applied to collect qualitative data. During the study, seven experts participated in ten FGDs. Feasibility testing was conducted as a one group pre- and post-test design that included ten children with drug-naïve ADHD without other mental or physical disorders. Feasibility data were collected before and after 20 training sessions with the Indonesian computer-based game prototype. The framework analysis was performed for qualitative data. Quantitative data were analyzed using the paired t-test, Pearson's correlation and Spearman's rank-order correlation. Outputs of the exploratory qualitative study were the Indonesian computer-based game prototype constructs and general agreements of the prototype,. The Indonesian computer-based game prototype construct comprised six components: reward-related processing, control inhibition, improved sustained attention, specific timing, increased arousal, and improved emotional regulation. After 20 sessions of training, several indicators decreased significantly, such as CATPRS-teacher rating (18.5 [5.31] vs. 12.9 [5.51], p = 0.047), BRIEF-GEC (64.80 [10.21] vs. 57.50 [7.51], p = 0.02), BRIEF-MI (66.1 [7.61] vs. 58.4 [7.56], p = 0.014), BRIEF-Initiate (66.6 [10.15] vs. 54.1 [6.49], p = 0.008), BRIEF-Working Memory (68.0 [6.89] vs. 60.9 [10.05], p = 0.02), and BRIEF-Organization of Material (60.7 [12.88] vs. 49.3 [11.79], p = 0.04). There was a low to moderate correlation between CATPRS-teacher and -parent rating and several BRIEF domains. Feasibility testing output also included the training procedure guideline. The present study indicated that the Indonesian computer-based game prototype could be used as a framework to develop a fixed computer-based game intervention for children with ADHD. However, further randomized controlled studies need to be conducted to show its effectiveness.

Developing attention deficits/hyperactivity disorder-virtual reality diagnostic tool with machine learning for children and adolescents

“…This study consisted of two stages. The first and second stages were designed as exploratory qualitative research to build the RDC and ADHD-VR diagnostic tool with an ML prototype ( 24 , 29 ). The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia (reference number: KET-583/UN2.F1/ETIK/PPM.00.02/2019).…”

Efektivitas Prototipe Gim Berbasis Komputer Indonesia terhadap Peningkatan Fungsi Eksekutif Anak Sekolah Dasar

“…Pengambilan data dimulai dengan meminta guru wali kelas untuk mengisi kuesioner BRIEF yang pertama (T0) yang dilakukan sebelum intervensi dengan menggunakan prototipe gim berbasis komputer Indonesia. 33,36 Kemudian, subjek penelitian memainkan gim secara bersama-sama pada waktu yang sama di pagi hari setiap harinya yang dilaksanakan selama 20-30 menit setiap sesi, satu sesi per hari hingga lima sesi di minggu pertama. Setiap subjek penelitian harus menyelesaikan keempat tahap dalam satu sesi yang terdiri dari visual tanpa halangan, audio tanpa halangan, visual dengan halangan, dan audio dengan halangan.…”

“…Studi ini merupakan studi pertama yang menilai efektivitas intervensi ini terhadap fungsi eksekutif anak SD populasi umum. Penelitian sebelumnya Wiguna dkk 33,34 melaporkan bahwa intervensi ini efektif dalam meningkatkan fungsi eksekutif pada anak dengan GPPH. Hipotesis hubungan intervensi yang dilakukan dengan perbaikan fungsi eksekutif adalah pelatihan dapat meningkatkan hubungan fungsional dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) sesuai dengan prinsip neuroplastisitas otak.…”

“…Komponen keenam adalah perbaikan regulasi emosional dan penurunan gejala hiperaktivitas-impulsivitas. 33,36 Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa selain efek near transfer, terjadi juga adanya efek far transfer, yaitu perbaikan yang diharapkan akan terjadi pada aktivitas dan kemampuan lain yang mengandalkan jaringan saraf yang sama. 29 Hasi-hasil penelitian terdahulu telah mendukung adanya perbaikan fungsi eksekutif pada seluruh domain.…”

“…juga menunjukkan hasil positif pada anak SD dengan GPPH. 33,34 Namun, belum ada penelitian yang menilai efektivitasnya terhadap fungsi eksekutif pada anak SD populasi umum. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas intervensi prototipe gim berbasis komputer Indonesia terhadap fungsi eksekutif anak SD.…”