Determination of the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Isoflurane in Llamas

Abstract

Knowledge of MAC may facilitate appropriate clinical use and provide the basis for future investigation of ISO in llamas.

Circulatory, respiratory and behavioral responses in isoflurane anesthetized llamas

“…Similar to that reported previously, anesthetic induction and recovery were uncomplicated in these llamas (Mama et al. 1999).…”

“…Llamas are among the domestic species commonly anesthetized with ISO. Anesthetic potency of ISO in llamas is similar to that reported in other domestic species (Mama et al. 1999).…”

Evaluation of intravenous administration of alfaxalone, propofol, and ketamine-diazepam for anesthesia in alpacas

“…Domesticated camelids, such as llamas and alpacas, have a calm temperament and lack the urge to stand up immediately after recovery from general anesthesia, typically seen in horses. This usually leads to smooth, rapid and uneventful recoveries from injectable anesthesia, with or without premedication (Riebold et al 1989;Duke et al 1997;Abrahamsen 2009), or from isoflurane anesthesia (Mama et al 1999).…”

Bispectral Index Analysis of Opioid Immobilization of Rocky Mountain Elk

“…We allowed the animal to stabilize for approximately 30 minutes while maintaining body temperatures between 38.3uC and 40.0uC. We maintained a constant isoflurane end-tidal concentration for L 20 minutes to minimize arterialalveolar partial pressure difference, after which we applied a tail clamp for up to 60 seconds (Mama et al 1999). We discontinued the stimulus if the animal showed signs of gross purposeful movement (e.g., twisting head and neck).…”

“…We adjusted isoflurane concentration data to sea level barometric pressure (760 mm Hg; Dorsch and Dorsch 1994). We determined the individual MAC as the average of the 2 lowest concentrations preventing a positive response and the 2 highest concentrations allowing a positive response (Mama et al 1999). We considered the BIS value associated with the MAC as the reference indicator of general anesthesia.…”