Determination of ractopamine and clenbuterol in feeds by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

He, Limin; Su, Yijuan; Zeng, Zhenling; Liu, Yahong; Huang, Xianhui

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.03.013

Cited by 142 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Thus far, various methods have been reported for determination of the ␤-agonists, such as GC [5][6][7], HPLC [8][9][10], electrochemistry [11][12][13], colorimetry [14,15], surface-enhanced Raman [16][17][18], CE [19][20][21], and immunoassay [22][23][24]. Among these, the methods based on chromatographic approaches can provide both qualitative and quantitative detection results with satisfactory sensitivity and reproducibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of beta‐agonists in swine hair by μFIA and chemiluminescence

et al. 2015

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β-Agonists are a group of illegal feed additives. In this paper, it was found that the light emission produced by the oxidation of luminol by potassium ferricyanide was enhanced by the β-agonists (ractopamine, salbutamol, and terbutaline). Based on chemiluminescence phenomenon, a novel, rapid, and sensitive microflow injection analysis system on a microfluidic glass chip was established for determination of the β-agonists. The chip was fabricated from two glass plates (64 mm × 32 mm) with microchannels of 200 μm width and 100 μm depth. The detection limits were achieved at 2.0 × 10(-8) mol/L of ractopamine, 1.0 × 10(-8) mol/L of terbutaline and 5.0 × 10(-7) mol/L of salbutamol. In this report, our method was applied for determination of the β-agonists in swine hair from three different sources with satisfactory results.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of beta‐agonists in swine hair by μFIA and chemiluminescence

et al. 2015

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“…b-Adrenergic agonists (b-agonists) are used as feed additives for growth promotion in pig and other farm animals [2]. Within the EU, their use for growth promotion has been banned since 1988 [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination of Cimaterol, Salbutamol, Terbutaline and Ractopamine in Feed by SPE Coupled to UPLC

Zhang

et al. 2011

Chromatographia

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An ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was established for the simultaneous determination of cimaterol, salbutamol, terbutaline, and ractopamine in feed. Target compounds were extracted with methanol and centrifuged. The supernatant was then transferred and concentrated, and applied to a solid phase extraction MCX cartridge for clean-up before UPLC analysis. The calibration curves for the four b-agonists were good linear in concentration range of 0.05-1.0 lg mL -1 with the correlation coefficients (r) over 0.999. The average recoveries were in the range of 90.1-101.4% with relative standard deviation values lower than 8.0%.

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“…GC/MS methods were equally applied for the determination of ractopamine in animal tissues (Wu et al, 2008, CRL, 2001) and feed (He et al, 2007).…”

Section: Confirmatory Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety evaluation of ractopamine

Authority¹

2009

EFS2

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SUMMARYRactopamine hydrochloride is pharmacologically classified as a phenethanolamine β-adrenoceptor agonist. The use of the substance as a feed additive is authorised in different countries (USA, Canada, Japan and Mexico) for growth promotion of fattening pigs and cattle. Ractopamine has not been assessed in the EU so far.Following a request from the European Commission, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to provide an opinion on the JECFA evaluation for ractopamine hydrochloride, having consulted and closely co-operated with other organisations such as EMEA and the Community Reference Laboratory responsible for β-agonists (BVL in Berlin).The metabolic fate of ractopamine hydrochloride is similar in the target species (pig and cattle), laboratory animals and humans.The FEEDAP Panel concluded from an acute study in dogs that tachycardia and peripheral vasodilatation observed are in line with the expected pharmacological action. From another acute study in dogs, with limited statistical power, a pharmacological NOAEL of 2 µg kg -1 bw could be derived.Comparing dog and monkey data it appeared that the dog could be considered as more sensitive to ractopamine (β-adrenergic substances). However, the FEEDAP Panel considered that there was not enough data to support this conclusion.NOAEL's derived from pharmacological repeated dose studies should not be regarded as a meaningful basis for an ADI because of the observed down regulation of lung β-adrenergic Opinion on safety evaluation of ractopamineThe EFSA Journal (2009) 1041, 2-52 receptors, at least as long as dose-and time-dependency and β-adrenoceptors speciation is not established. When evaluating hypothetical risks for the consumer, data from acute pharmacological studies would better reflect the consumer situation after intake of a single meal containing ractopamine residues.The NOAELs derived from toxicological end points were considerably higher than those from pharmacological end points. Effects observed in toxicity studies were mostly related to the pharmacological action.Although a series of mutation studies in prokaryotes and eukaryotic systems were negative, several in vitro tests were positive. The FEEDAP Panel considered that some positive genotoxicity studies in vitro are a possible cause of concern. However, these results have to be considered in conjunction with the carcinogenicity studies provided.The FEEDAP Panel concluded that all treatment-related effects observed in the long-term studies in mice and rats were attributable to the β-adrenergic activity of ractopamine. It shares the JECFA and FDA opinion, considering that the induction of leiomyomas is a non-genotoxic event with a threshold and ractopamine is not a direct carcinogen. Considering all studies, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that ractopamine is not mutagenic and is not likely to present a carcinogenic risk to consumers.Since data in laboratory animals gave a wide range of NOAELs, the available human data was considered pivotal by JECFA as it was by the FEEDAP Panel when ...

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Determination of ractopamine and clenbuterol in feeds by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cited by 142 publications

References 2 publications

Determination of beta‐agonists in swine hair by μFIA and chemiluminescence

Determination of beta‐agonists in swine hair by μFIA and chemiluminescence

Simultaneous Determination of Cimaterol, Salbutamol, Terbutaline and Ractopamine in Feed by SPE Coupled to UPLC

Safety evaluation of ractopamine

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