Determination of phenytoin in exhaled breath condensate using electromembrane extraction followed by capillary electrophoresis

Abstract

Determination of phenytoin in exhaled breath condensate using electromembrane extraction followed by capillary electrophoresisApplication of hollow fiber-based electromembrane extraction was studied for extraction and quantification of phenytoin from exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Phenytoin is extracted from EBC through a supported liquid membrane consisting of 1-octanol impregnated in the walls of a hollow fiber, and into an alkaline aqueous acceptor solution inside the lumen of the fiber. Under the obtained conditions of electromembrane extraction, that is, the extraction time of 15 min, stirring speed of 750 rpm, donor phase pH at 11.0, acceptor pH at 13.0, and an applied voltage of 15 V across the supported liquid membrane, an enrichment factor of 102-fold correspond to extraction percent of 25.5% was achieved. Good linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 0.001-0.10 µg/mL (r 2 = 0.9992). Limits of detection and quantitation were 0.001 and 0.003 µg/mL, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine phenytoin from EBC samples of patients receiving the drug. No interfering peaks were detected that indicating excellent selectivity of the method. The intra-and interday precisions (RSDs) were less than 14%.

Electromembrane extraction‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection of phenobarbital and phenytoin in human plasma, saliva, and urine

“…Thus, parameters at which the system is optimized are different from those with only one analyte. [16,17,44,52] For example, Yaripour et al [44] and Seyfinejad et al [17] obtained the donor pH of 10 and 11 for PT, respectively; while in this paper we arrived at donor pH of 9, when we have both analytes. Now, the results are compared with those of some other analytical approaches available in literature for PB and PT determination in different biological samples.…”

“…Thus, parameters at which the system is optimized are different from those with only one analyte. [ 16,17,44,52 ] For example, Yaripour et al [ 44 ] and Seyfinejad et al [ 17 ] obtained the donor pH of 10 and 11 for PT, respectively; while in this paper we arrived at donor pH of 9, when we have both analytes.…”

“…[11] During last decades, several instrumental techniques have been introduced in literature to analyze AEDs in biological samples, for example, immune assays, [12] high-performance-liquid-chromatography (HPLC), [13,14] micellar electrokinetic chromatography, [15] and capillary electrophoresis. [16][17][18] Nevertheless, identification of AEDs in complicated biological samples with considerable concentration of interfering matrix involves a sample preparation stage to enrich the sample before the instrumental evaluation. Therefore, having a simple and reliable sample preparation approach at hand is a necessity.…”

Selectivity and efficiency of electromembrane extraction of polar bases with different liquid membranes—Link to analyte properties

“…In next experiment, EME was conducted with 1‐octanol as SLM. 1‐Octanol has been used frequently in literature for acidic substances [30, 31], and has previously been tested for a few polar bases [20, 21]. 1‐Octanol has one HBD and one HBA site, has moderate‐to‐low intrinsic hydrophobicity (log P = 2.58), and is nonionic and nonaromatic.…”

Development of a β-cyclodextrin-modified gold nanoparticle-assisted electromembrane extraction method followed by capillary electrophoresis for methadone determination in plasma

“…For two donor and acceptor solution electrodes, platinum wires were used with a 3 mm interelectrode distance and a diameter of 0.2 mm. 36 These electrodes were coupled to a power supply with a programmable voltage range of 0 to 300 V and current range of 0 to 1000 mA (model PS858, S.KAR, Tabriz, Iran). A multimeter was applied to monitor the current during extraction (Zhangzhou Weihua Electronic Co., Ltd. China, Model M890C+).…”