Electromembrane extraction‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection of phenobarbital and phenytoin in human plasma, saliva, and urine

Abstract

The current article is focused on introduction and validation of electro‐membrane extraction along with a high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with UV detector for the identification of the antiepileptic drugs phenytoin (PT) and phenobarbital (PB) in plasma, saliva, and urine. In addition, 3D‐printing was utilized to fabricate the designed caps required for fixing the electrodes in the prepared setup, giving us a high potential in device fabrication with various dimensions. To arrive at the highest extraction of PB and PT, the parameters impacting the extraction efficiency of electromembrane extraction for example, supported liquid membrane composition, sample solution pH, applied voltage, extraction time along with effect of graphene oxide are examined in detail. In optimized experimental conditions, the calibration plots were obtained to be linear on the concentration range of 25–500 ng/L with the detection limit and quantitation limit of 7.5 and 25 ng/L for both of PB and PT. Relative standard deviations of <9.9% and <9.1% were found for PB and PT, respectively and the enrichment factor for the presented method was computed to be 25.4 and 44.7 for PB and PT, respectively. The proposed method was satisfactorily employed in determination of PB and PT in plasma, urine and saliva.

A novel three‐dimensional printed device with conductive elements for electromembrane extraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detector

“…It should be noted that in our previous studies, the necessary parameters for EME, that is, linearity range, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ for determining PB [40] and PT [41] separately, as well as simultaneous extraction of these drugs [38], were reported using classical setups. In the current paper, attention has been mainly paid to the analytical study and design of the newly proposed cell.…”

“…The purpose of this study was to introduce a new conductive EME device and investigate the effect of sample reservoir shape on EME system performance, to establish whether improved recovery was possible. PT and PB are acidic drugs and were selected as model drugs for these studies based on previous experiments [38].…”

“…The mobile phase was ACN and 50 mM, pH = 6.8 ammonium acetate buffer in a 40:60 v/v ratio, and a 0.8 ml/min flow rate was used. The UV detector was set at 220 nm and the sample volume injected was 10 μl [38].…”

“…Comparison with other analytical methods Some characteristics of the proposed method are compared with those of some other available methods in the literature [38,[46][47][48] for PB and PT. As one may observe from Table 1, the recovery of the employed method is higher than the classical EME and SPME methods.…”

Sensitive determination of ethosuximide in human fluids by electromembrane extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet spectroscopy

“…Ethosuximide was extracted from the saliva and plasma using the equipment shown in Figure 1, and 5.0 ml of the sample solution was transferred to the sample container after adjusting the pH. [ 31 ] A piece of hollow fiber made of polypropylene is cut to a length of 30.0 mm and placed in the desired organic solvent. The hollow fiber was placed in an ultrasonic bath for one minute, for assuring the impregnation of the fiber with organic solvent and fixing the solvent in the pores.…”