Determination of optimized membrane area from long-term flux decline data

Pollution control technologies for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) through end-of-pipe processes

“…Due to this membrane fouling, the long-term flux decline followed a general trend: it started with a steep decline followed by a gradual decrease and approached its final value asymptotically (Suwandi, 1993). According to Ahmad et al (2005b), the flux decline was due to cake build-up (Mikulá sek et al, 2004) and deposition of small particles and colloids on the membrane surface (Balakrishnan et al, 2000), which led to membrane fouling.…”

“…Significant reductions in flux for short time periods during the membrane filtration of pre-treated POME indicated a development of membrane fouling (Ahmad et al, 2005b(Ahmad et al, , 2006aSuwandi, 1993;Wu et al, 2007;Mohammad et al, 2009). Due to this membrane fouling, the long-term flux decline followed a general trend: it started with a steep decline followed by a gradual decrease and approached its final value asymptotically (Suwandi, 1993).…”

Determination of membrane areas for ultrafiltration processes

“…Only Rautenbach and Albrecht4 and Suwandi and Singh12 have studied the arrangement of membranes in a multistage ultrafiltration. Later, Suwandi13 developed his calculation, considering the long‐term flux decline due to membrane fouling by choosing an exponential function to represent the time‐dependent part of the flux. The concentration polarization‐gel model used in Suwandi's study could not predict permeate flux when the gel layer was not formed.…”