Determination of malachite green residues in rainbow trout muscle with liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

A method for the determination of malachite green and its major metabolite leucomalachite green in rainbow trout muscle is reported with limits of detection of 0.8 and 0.6 microg kg(-1), respectively. Residues were extracted with an acetonitrile-acetate buffer mixture and partitioned into methylene chloride. Clean-up of the extracts was performed on alumina and propylsulfonic acid solid-phase extraction columns using the automated solid-phase extraction system. The chromatographic separation of malachite green and leucomalachite green was achieved on a Chromspher 5B column using an acetonitrile-acetate buffer mobile phase. Leucomalachite green was converted to malachite green by post-column oxidation before spectrophotometric detection at 600 nm. The mean recoveries of malachite green and leucomalachite green from control rainbow trout muscle spiked at 2-50 microg kg(-1) were 65% (range 63.4-65.9%, relative standard deviation 3.9-16.1%) and 74% (range 58.3-82.6%, relative standard deviation 3.3-11.4%), respectively. Qualitative confirmation of the determined residues was performed with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection with limits of detection of 2.5 and 1 microg kg(-1) for malachite green and leucomalachite green, respectively.

Distribution and depuration of the potentially carcinogenic malachite green in tissues of three freshwater farmed Chinese fish with different food habits

“…The LMG levels in the three species were correlated significantly with lipid content in the fish tissue. Earlier findings indicated that the distribution of LMG was related to the fat content of fish, such as channel catfish and rainbow trout (Poe and Wilson, 1983;Máchová et al, 1996;Tarbin et al, 1998;Halme et al, 2004;Mitrowska et al, 2005). Bauer et al (1988) found that the half-life of LMG in muscle was positively correlated with muscle lipid content and ranged from 10 to 40 days in rainbow trout.…”

A simple conductometric method for trace level determination of brilliant green in water based on β-cyclodextrin and silver nitrate and determination of their thermodynamic parameters

“…Therefore, developing sensitive and simple method for the determination of BG is of great importance and interest in chemical analysis. Since today some techniques for the determination of trace amounts of malachite green (MG) have been reported (Halme and Lindfors, 2004;Pourreza and Elhami, 2007;Afkhami et al, 2010;Nicolle et al, 2011;Cheng, 2009;Lee et al, 2006;Jesu´s Martı´nez Bueno, 2010;Bahram, 2011), but the reports for the determination of BG are very scarce. Some of these techniques are spectrophotometry (Es'haghi, 2011), dosimetry (Khan, 2002); but these techniques are expensive and time consuming.…”

Simultaneous determination of malachite green, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in fish farming water and fish feed by liquid chromatography with solid-phase extraction

“…For the determination of MG in fish farming water, a spectrophtometric method was reported (Pourreza and Elhami 2007). A series of LC methods for the determination of MG in different kinds of matrix have been developed with fluorescence (Ramos et al 2003), MS (Wu et al 2007;Valle et al 2005;Hall et al 2008) and MS/MS detection (Bergwerff and Scherpenisse 2003;Halme et al 2004;Scherpenisse and Bergwerff 2005;Lee et al 2006;Mitrowska et al 2008). However, MG, EN-FLX and CPFLX used as veterinary medicine in aquiculture altogether have not been determined simultaneously.…”