“…The use of ion exchange membranes as DGT binding phases has advantages of excellent mechanical strength, flexibility, reuse and easy preparation, in comparison with other types of binding phases (Huang et al 2016d;Li et al 2002Li et al , 2005a. Li et al (2002) utilized commercially available solid cellulose phosphate membranes (Whatman P81) as DGT binding phase to determine Cu and Cd, and this type of DGT has been extended to measurement of other metals, such as Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, Ba, Hg and U species (Colaço et al 2014;de Oliveira et al 2012;Larner and Seen 2005;Mengistu et al 2012;Pedrobom et al 2017). In addition, the Whatman DE 81 with amino functional groups has been applied for the measurement of U species and Cr(VI) in waters (Li et al 2006;Pedrobom et al 2017;Suárez et al 2016).…”