Determination of deoxynivalenol-sulfonate (DONS) in cereals by hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of most widespread mycotoxins in cereal commodities, and animal feed is prevalently contaminated at high concentrations. This poses a problem in animal nutrition as especially pigs are very sensitive to DON. An effective process for the reduction of the DON concentration is the treatment of contaminated feed with sodium bisulfite (SBS) whereby DON is transformed into DON-sulfonate (DONS). Although the success of this treatment has been confirmed in several feeding studies, it is unexplained if the decrease of DON is accompanied with a coincident increase of DONS. For this reason, we developed a method for the analysis of DONS using hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. In order to investigate the correlation between DON and DONS concentrations during SBS-treatment, DON-contaminated wheat was treated with SBS and stored for up to 36 days. At defined timepoints of this treatment, samples were analyzed for DON and DONS using stable isotope labeled standards. The preparation, purification, and structure elucidation of DONS, and the HILIC-HPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of DONS as well as the results of two storage experiments are presented in this paper.

Effects of Increasing Concentrations of Sodium Sulfite on Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol Sulfonate Concentrations of Maize Kernels and Maize Meal Preserved at Various Moisture Content

“…Due to the reduction of DON, three different DON sulfonates were formed resulting from the reaction of DON with sodium sulfite. It was previously shown that the reaction of DON with SBS takes place at C10 [ 6 , 16 ]. Recently, Schwartz et al (2013) [ 11 ] discovered formation of three DON sulfonates of which DONS 1 is characterized by loss of the epoxide group and DONS 2 by a formation of a hemiketal between C8 and C15.…”

Effects of Potential Detoxifying Agents on Growth Performance and Deoxynivalenol (DON) Urinary Balance Characteristics of Nursery Pigs Fed DON-Contaminated Wheat

“…The method used for DON-sulfonate analysis was described in Beyer et al (2010). The primary objective of DON-sulfonate analysis was to confirm that the decreased analyzed DON in the pelleted NC + SMB diet was due to DON structural modification to form DONsulfonate, as demonstrated in prior research (Young et al, 1986;Paulick et al, 2015).…”

“…Since nursery pigs are known for their sensitivity to antinutritional factors such as mycotoxins, the objective was to test the growth performance of nursery pigs fed a naturally DONcontaminated diet in the presence or absence of Product V, and to record DON absorption and excretion using urinary concentration of DON metabolites. Sodium metabisulfite (SMB; Na 2 S 2 O 5 ), a known biotransforming agent of DON which, when hydrothermally processed with DON, forms a nontoxic DON-sulfonate adduct (Beyer et al, 2010), and sulfur dioxide was also incorporated into naturally contaminated diets to further evaluate SMB's potential for use in DON-contaminated diets.…”

“…The primary objective of DON-sulfonate analysis was to confirm that the decreased analyzed DON in the pelleted NC + SMB diet was due to DON structural modification to form DONsulfonate, as demonstrated in prior research (Young et al, 1986;Paulick et al, 2015). An automated electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/ MS) approach was used, and data acquisition and analysis were performed as in Beyer et al (2010).…”

Determination of deoxynivalenol in grain sorghum by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay

“…To protect human and animal safety, many countries established the limits of DON in cereals, the limit standard of DON in China is 1 mg kg -1 [4]. To control the contamination of DON in cereals, various analytical methods for the determination of DON in foods and feeds have been developed, which includes high performance liquid chromatography [5][6][7], and chromatography tandem mass spectrometry [8][9]. Although these methods are accurate and sensitive, they are time consuming and not suitable for rapid screening.…”