A total of 160 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 45.6 kg) were used in an 84d experi ment to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on growth performance, carcass char acteristics, and carcass fat quality. There were 2 pigs per pen with 8 pens per treatment. The 10 dietary treat ments were a corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat and a 3 × 3 factorial with main effects of fat source (4% tallow, 4% soybean oil, or a blend of 2% tallow and 2% soybean oil) and feeding duration (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). The control cornsoybean meal diet was fed in place of added fat diets when needed for duration treatment purposes. On d 0, 1 pig was identified in each pen and fat biopsy samples of the back, belly, and jowl were collected on d 0, 41, and 81 for fatty acid analysis. At the conclusion of the study, all pigs were harvested, carcass characteristics were determined, and back, belly, and jowl fat samples were collected for analysis. Overall (d 0 to 84), there were no differences among pigs fed the different fat sources for growth and carcass characteristics; howev er, pigs fed diets with added fat for the entire study had improved (P = 0.036) G:F compared with pigs fed the

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate potential detoxifying agents on growth of nursery pigs fed deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated diets. Naturally DON-contaminated wheat (6 mg/kg) was used to achieve desired DON levels. In a 21-d study, 238 pigs (13.4 ± 1.8 kg BW) were used in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement. Diets were: 1) Positive control (PC; < 0.5 mg/kg DON), 2) PC + 1.0% Product V (Nutriquest LLC, Mason City, IA), 3) Negative control (NC; 4.0 mg/kg DON), 4) NC + 1.0% Product V, and 5) NC + 1.0% sodium metabisulfite (SMB; Samirian Chemicals, Campbell, CA). There were 6 or 7 replicate pens/treatment and 7 pigs/pen. Analyzed DON was decreased by 92% when pelleted with SMB, but otherwise matched formulated levels. Overall, a DON × Product V interaction was observed for ADG ( 0.05) with a tendency for an interaction for ADFI ( 0.10). As anticipated, DON reduced ( 0.001) ADG and ADFI, but the interaction was driven by even poorer growth when Product V was added to NC diets. Pigs fed NC diets had 10% poorer G:F ( 0.001) than PC-fed pigs. Reductions in ADG due to DON were most distinct (50%) during the initial period. Adding SMB to NC diets improved ( 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and G:F, and improved ( 0.02) ADG and G:F compared to the PC diet. A urinary balance study was conducted using diets 3 to 5 from Exp. 1 to evaluate Product V and SMB on DON urinary metabolism. A 10 d adaptation was followed by a 7 d collection using 24 barrows in a randomized complete block design. Pigs fed NC + SMB diet had greater urinary DON output ( 0.05) than pigs fed NC + Product V, with NC pigs intermediate. Daily DON excretion was lowest ( 0.05) in the NC + SMB pigs. However, degradation of DON-sulfonate back to the parent DON molecule was observed as pigs fed NC + SMB excreted more DON than they consumed (164% of daily DON intake), greater ( 0.001) than pigs fed the NC (59%) or NC + Product V (48%). Overall, Product V did not alleviate DON effects on growth nor did it reduce DON absorption and excretion. However, hydrothermally processing DON-contaminated diets with 1.0% SMB restored ADFI and improved G:F. Even so, the urinary balance experiment revealed that some of the converted DON-sulfonate can degrade back to DON under physiological conditions. While further research is needed to discern the stability of the DON-sulfonate, SMB appears promising to restore performance in pelleted DON-contaminated diets.

Data from existing literature were used to generate equations to predict finishing pig back, belly, and jowl fat iodine values (IV) and an experiment was conducted to evaluate these equations. The final database included 24, 21, and 29 papers for back, belly, and jowl fat IV, respectively. For experiments that changed dietary fatty acid composition, initial (INT) diets were defined as those fed before the change in diet composition and final (FIN) diets were those fed after. The predictor variables tested were divided into 5 groups: 1) diet fat composition (dietary percent C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, EFA, unsaturated fatty acids, and IV product) for both INT and FIN diets, 2) day feeding the INT and FIN diets, 3) ME or NE of the INT and FIN diet, 4) live performance criteria (initial BW, final BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F), and 5) carcass criteria (HCW and backfat thickness). The PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC) was used to develop regression equations. Evaluation of models with significant terms was then conducted based on the Bayesian information criterion. The optimum equations to predict back, belly, and jowl fat IV were backfat IV = 84.83 + (6.87 × INT EFA) - (3.90 × FIN EFA) - (0.12 × INT days) - (1.30 × FIN days) - (0.11 × INT EFA × FIN days) + (0.048 × FIN EFA × INT days) + (0.12 × FIN EFA × FIN days) - (0.0060 × FIN NE) + (0.0005 × FIN NE × FIN days) - (0.26 × backfat depth); belly fat IV = 106.16 + (6.21 × INT EFA) - (1.50 × FIN days) - (0.11 × INT EFA × FIN days) - (0.012 × INT NE) + (0.00069 × INT NE × FIN days) - (0.18 × HCW) - (0.25 × backfat depth); and jowl fat IV = 85.50 + (1.08 × INT EFA) + (0.87 × FIN EFA) - (0.014 × INT days) - (0.050 × FIN days) + (0.038 × INT EFA × INT days) + (0.054 × FIN EFA × FIN days) - (0.0066 × INT NE) + (0.071 × INT BW) - (2.19 × ADFI) - (0.29 × backfat depth). Dietary treatments from the evaluation experiment consisted of a corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat or a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with main effects of fat source (4% tallow, 4% soybean oil, or a blend of 2% tallow and 2% soybean oil) and feeding duration (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). The back, belly, and jowl fat IV equations tended to overestimate IV when observed IV were less than approximately 65 g/100 g and underestimate belly fat IV when actual IV are greater than approximately 74 g/100 g or when the fat blend was fed from d 0 to 84 or 42 to 84. Overall, with the exceptions noted, the regression equations were an accurate tool for predicting carcass fat quality based on dietary and pig performance factors.

No abstract

Effects of a novel protease enzyme (CIBENZA DP100) on finishing pig growth Effects of a novel protease enzyme (CIBENZA DP100) on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics performance and carcass characteristics

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary SID Lys in lactation on sow and litter performance. In Exp. 1, a total of 111 primiparous sows (Line 241; DNA Genetics, Columbus, NE) were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments on d 110 of gestation. Dietary treatments included increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys (0.80, 0.95, 1.10, and 1.25%). During lactation, there were no differences in ADFI or sow BW at weaning (d 21), resulting in no differences in BW loss. However, backfat loss during lactation decreased (linear, P = 0.046) as SID Lys increased. There were no differences in litter weaning weight, litter gain from d 2 to weaning, percentage of females bred by d 7 after weaning, d 30 conception rate, farrowing rate or subsequent litter characteristics. In Exp. 2, a total of 710 mixed parity sows (Line 241; DNA Genetics) were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments at d 112 of gestation. Dietary treatments included increasing SID Lys (0.75, 0.90, 1.05, and 1.20%). Sow BW at weaning increased (quadratic, P = 0.046), and sow BW loss from post-farrow to weaning or d 112 to weaning decreased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.01) as SID Lys increased. Sow backfat loss increased (linear, P = 0.028) as SID Lys increased. Conversely, longissimus muscle depth loss decreased (linear, P = 0.002) as SID Lys increased. Percentage of females bred by d 7 after weaning increased (linear, P = 0.047) as SID Lys increased in parity 1 sows, with no difference in parity 2 or 3+ sows. Litter weight at d 17 and litter gain from d 2 to 17 increased (quadratic, P = 0.01) up to 1.05% SID Lys with no improvement thereafter. For subsequent litter characteristics, there were no differences in total born, percentage born alive, stillborn, or mummies. In conclusion, our results suggest that increasing dietary SID Lys can reduce sow protein loss in lactation. The optimal level of dietary SID Lys required by the sow may vary based on response criteria and parity.

ABSTRACT:Two experiments were conducted to evaluate potential detoxifying agents on growth of nursery pigs fed deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated diets. Naturally DON-contaminated wheat (6 mg/kg) was used to achieve desired DON levels. In a 21-d study, 238 pigs (13.4 ± 1.8 kg BW) were used in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement. Diets were: 1) Positive control (PC; < 0.5 mg/kg DON), 2) PC + 1.0% Product V (Nutriquest LLC, Mason City, IA), 3) Negative control (NC; 4.0 mg/kg DON), 4) NC + 1.0% Product V, and 5) NC + 1.0% sodium metabisulfite (SMB; Samirian Chemicals, Campbell, CA). There were 6 or 7 replicate pens/treatment and 7 pigs/pen. Analyzed DON was decreased by 92% when pelleted with SMB, but otherwise matched formulated levels. Overall, a DON × Product V interaction was observed for ADG (P < 0.05) with a tendency for an interaction for ADFI (P < 0.10). As anticipated, DON reduced (P < 0.001) ADG and ADFI, but the interaction was driven by even poorer growth when Product V was added to NC diets. Pigs fed NC diets had 10% poorer G:F (P < 0.001) than PC-fed pigs. Reductions in ADG due to DON were most distinct (50%) during the initial period. Adding SMB to NC diets improved (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and G:F, and improved (P < 0.02) ADG and G:F compared to the PC diet. A urinary balance study was conducted using diets 3 to 5 from Exp. 1 to evaluate Product V and SMB on DON urinary metabolism. A 10 d adaptation was followed by a 7 d collection using 24 barrows in a randomized complete block design. Pigs fed NC + SMB diet had greater urinary DON output (P < 0.05) than pigs fed NC + Product V, with NC pigs intermediate. Daily DON excretion was lowest (P < 0.05) in the NC + SMB pigs. However, degradation of DON-sulfonate back to the parent DON molecule was observed as pigs fed NC + SMB excreted more DON than they consumed (164% of daily DON intake), greater (P < 0.001) than pigs fed the NC (59%) or NC + Product V (48%). Overall, Product V did not alleviate DON effects on growth nor did it reduce DON absorption and excretion. However, hydrothermally processing DON-contaminated diets with 1.0% SMB restored ADFI and improved G:F. Even so, the urinary balance experiment revealed that some of the converted DON-sulfonate can degrade back to DON under physiological conditions. While further research is needed to discern the stability of the DON-sulfonate, SMB appears promising to restore performance in pelleted DON-contaminated diets.

A total of 160 finishing pigs (PIC 327 Ã-1050; initially 100.5 lb) were used in an 84-d experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality. Dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat or a 3 Ã-3 factorial with main effects of fat source (4% tallow, 4% soybean oil, or a blend of 2% tallow and 2% soybean oil) and feeding duration (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). One pig was identified in each pen on d 0, and biopsy samples of the back, belly, and jowl fat were collected on d 0, 41, and 81. At the conclusion of the study, all pigs were harvested, carcass characteristics were measured, and back, belly, and jowl fat samples were collected. Overall (d 0 to 84), there were no differences between fat sources for growth and carcass characteristics; however, pigs fed diets with added fat from d 0 to 84 had improved (P < 0.036) F/G compared with pigs fed a control diet without added fat. Pigs fed added fat throughout the entire study also had improved (P < 0.042) ADG and F/G and heavier d-84 BW (P < 0.006) compared with pigs fed additional fat for only period 1 or 2. Adding fat for the entire study increased (P < 0.032) backfat and tended to reduce (P < 0.083) fat-free lean index compared with pigs fed the control diet without added fat. Added fat also increased (P < 0.05) iodine value (IV) compared with pigs fed the control diet. Increasing the feeding duration of soybean oil or a blend of soybean oil and tallow decreased monounsaturated and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to feeding tallow (duration Ã-fat source interaction, P < 0.05), with the greatest changes in C18:1 and C18:2, respectively. In conclusion, feeding added fat improved ADG and F/G; however, feeding soybean oil for increasing duration, either alone or in a blend with tallow, negatively affected the fatty acid composition and IV of finishing pigs. SummaryA total of 160 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 100.5 lb) were used in an 84-d experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality. Dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat or a 3 × 3 factorial with main effects of fat source (4% tallow, 4% soybean oil, or a blend of 2% tallow and 2% soybean oil) and feeding duration (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). One pig was identified in each pen on d 0, and biopsy samples of the back, belly, and jowl fat were collected on d 0, 41, and 81. At the conclusion of the study, all pigs were harvested, carcass characteristics were measured, and back, belly, and jowl fat samples were collected. Overall (d 0 to 84), there were no differences between fat sources for growth and carcass characteristics; however, pigs fed diets with added fat from d 0 to 84 had improved (P < 0.036) F/G compared with pigs fed a control diet without added fat. Pigs fed added fat throughout the entire study also had...