Determination of Chemical Effect on theKβ₁/Kα,Kβ₂/Kα,Kβ₂/Kβ₁andKβ/Kα X-Ray Intensity Ratios of 4d Transition Metals

Atomic spectrometry update-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

“…Another method to gain information about the chemical speciation is to investigate intensity ratios within fluorescence line families. Porikli et al 543 reported measurements using 109 Cd radioisotopes source excitation on Kß 1 /Ka, Kß 2 /Ka, Kß 2 / Kß 1 and Kß/Ka X-ray intensity ratios. The Ka and Kß 1,2 emission spectra for compounds of 4d transition metals Y, Zr, Nb, and Mo were measured using a Si(Li) solid-state detector.…”

Plume motion characterization in UAV aerial video and imagery

“…Plume, naturally generated or invoked by human activity, have been studied by multiple researchers for many years [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . Johansen et al released two different dyes in a Red Sea location to study coastal water flow dynamics.…”

“…The group tracked dye plumes in UAV and high spatial-resolution SkySat satellite imagery using object detection, region growing, and AI methods 1 . Chikita et al used satellite imagery in a Bering Sea location to investigate the natural plume generated by Yukon River in Alaska and compare it to melting glacier discharge 2 . Using three near infrared bands from MODIS/Aqua or MODIS/Terra imagery, the authors estimated the surface plume area, and found that there was a linear relationship between the plume area and the averaged sediment load.…”

Magnetic Field Effect to Relative K X-ray Intensity Ratios of Light Lanthanides

“…R depends on the physical and chemical environments of the element [16], the structure of chemical bonding, the individual characteristics of the structure of molecules, complexes, and crystals (polarity, valency and electronegativity of atoms, coordination number, ionicities of covalent bond, etc.) [17]. 983R is a sensitive parameter to find the variations in the valence electronic structure of 3d transition elements [8].…”