Determination of a reference system for the three-dimensional study of the glenohumeral relationship

Abstract

This study provides arguments to use the circular inferior glenoid plane as preferred reference plane of the glenoid.

The influence of radiographic viewing perspective and demographics on the critical shoulder angle

“…The glenoid width was measured as the distance between point A and P. 11,45 There is no consensus as to which landmarks provide the best native glenoid plane, but points A and P, as part of the inferior circular plane, were previously described as the plane with the smallest variability. 42,43 The plane of the scapula was defined by three points: the most distal point of the inferior scapular angle (IS), the center of the glenoid fossa (C), and the point where the scapular spine intersects the medial border of the scapula (MS). 4,6-8,22,35-38 A Cartesian coordinate system was generated with the z-axis (+ lateral) defined by the line MS-C, and the x-axis (+ anterior) normal to the plane created by points IS-C-MS.…”

Accuracy of the glenohumeral subluxation index in nonpathologic shoulders

“…With the use of computer-aided design operations, the native glenoid circle, the scapular plane, and the center of rotation (COR) of the humeral head were reconstructed as previously described. 1,26,27 The native glenoid circle, which has been shown to be the most reliable glenoid plane with the lowest variability, was constructed by the best-fitting circle through a zone marked on the anteroinferior glenoid rim (Fig. 1).…”

“…The humeral head was reconstructed by calculating the best-fitting sphere to the articular surface. 27,32 The center of this sphere, with radius R, was defined as COR ( Fig. 2).…”

Relationship of the Medial Clavicular Head to the Manubrium in Normal and Symptomatic Degenerated Sternoclavicular Joints

“…Three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) scan reconstruction improves the accuracy of the measurements. This technique can facilitate determination of the amount and direction of the joint subluxation 9,10 . The aim of this report is to describe a reproducible measurement technique to evaluate the relationship of the medial clavicular head to the manubrium in a normal population and in Disclosure: None of the authors received payments or services, either directly or indirectly (i.e., via his or her institution), from a third party in support of any aspect of this work.…”