Determinants of household’s education and nutrition spending

Abstract

Purpose This study aims to estimate the determinants of household spending on education and nutrition. Education and nutrition are noteworthy elements for human development and welfare. Separate estimates are being provided for male and female as gender determines household welfare and gender-based analysis of household spending evaluates the aptitude of decision power as well as measures their influential role in human welfare. Design/methodology/approach Fruits, milk and dairy products are taken as proxy of substantial portion of nutrition. The study used primary urban household-level data that collected from Faisalabad city. The authors used double hurdle model. Findings The findings of the study show that females are more likely to spend on education. Household size and number of children negatively determine the household spending on education and nutrition. Number of employed household members, level of income and education are positively associated with household spending on education and nutrition by male- and female-headed households. A very low public spending on education and nutrition have led to upsurge the hurdles of households in Pakistan. Practical implications The study recommends that government should provide the employment opportunities, especially for females for stable and increased household income that leads to improve the household welfare. Originality/value Several studies have examined the education spending (Mbanefoh et al., 1997; Ichoku and Leibbrandt, 2003; Donkoh and Amikuzuno, 2011; Cisse, 2011), but these studies ignored to investigate the gender role and household spending on nutrition and education. This study is crucial in drawing suitable policy recommendations for household welfare. This study filled the gaps and scrutinized the issues that interrelated with household spending.

Determinants of Rural Women’s Nutrition Security Status in Northwest Ethiopia

“…These results indicate that being literate has a positive contribution on women's nutrition security status. This finding is consistent with a report from Pakistan [29].…”

“…Family size (adult equivalent) was reported to have a highly significantly negative effect on food security status in Afar Region of Ethiopia [27]. Kousar et al [29] reported that the number of employed household members, level of income, and education are positively associated with household spending on education and nutrition by male-and female-headed households; and Cherotich et al [30] reported a positive association between women's financial knowledge and the amount of savings and profit margins from their farm enterprises. This study was carried out to determine the factors (determinants) influencing the nutrition security status of rural women in Northwest Ethiopia by using a household survey data conducted in 2019 and analyzed using a binary Logit regression model.…”

Factors Affecting Household Expenditures on Education: A Heckman Sample Selection Application for Turkey

“…In a study conducted in China, it was found out that families with higher income, well-educated and professional parents made more education expenditure (Qian & Smyth, 2011). It was reported in another study executed in Pakistan that as household income increased, education expenditures raised, too (Kousar et al, 2017). In a study conducted in Turkey, it was established that as the total expenditures of low-income households increased, their education expenditures increased at a slower rate.…”

“…There is comprehensive literature showing that educational expenditures have significant effects on education (Acerenza & Gandelman, 2019;Andreou, 2012;Chi & Qian, 2016;Deng & Xue, 2014;Donkoh & Amikuzuno, 2011;Himaz, 2010;Huy, 2012;Jenkins et al, 2019;Kousar et al, 2017;Majumder & Mitra, 2016;Wei et al, 2021). There are a number of studies carried out regarding the educational expenditure of households in Turkey (Acar et al, 2016;Bayar & İlhan, 2016;Demiroglari 271 & Kiren Gurler, 2020;Kuvat & Ayvaz Kizilgol, 2020;San & Chaloupka, 2016;Susanli, 2013).…”

A comparison of male and female headed house holding of orphans and vulnerable children in Nigeria

“…This study also observed that about 2 in every 3 female household heads were either widowed or divorced, a finding which corroborates the report that female household heads are more of the divorced and widowed population (Oginni et al, 2013;Milkalitsa, 2015). The high mortality rate among males has been identified as a factor attributed to the continual rise in females becoming household heads in developing countries of the world (Motts, 1994;Banerjee and Roy, 2015;Kousar et al, 2017). According to some reported studies, singlehood, separation/divorce and widowhood have been attributed to the shift in responsibilities to care for children which opens women and the wards to vulnerability (Chant, 2003;Opara, 2016).…”