“…Although studies have shown that manufacturing industries consume much energy and contribute immensely to environmental degradation (Fernando & Hor, 2017;Masri & Jaaron, 2017;Yong et al, 2020), they have also shown that HEIs consume a large number of resources, such as energy, water, and solid wastes, and exhume as much carbon emissions, causing negative impact to the environment (Abdul-Azeez & Ho, 2016;Tangwanichagapong et al, 2017). In response to the worsening degradation, HEIs have also taken responsibility in protecting the environment, engaged more fully in CSR, and incorporated environmental sustainability as one of their core values, with this decision receiving a full endorsement from the United Nations (Muniandy & Anuar, 2020).…”