Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in pig feces by PCR

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The ability to perceive the near ultraviolet part of the light spectrum (the wavelength 320-400 nm) has been detected in many bird species. This ability is an important bird sense. The ecological importance of UV perception has been studied mainly in the context of intra-and inter-sexual signalling, common species communication and also in foraging. Some birds of prey use UV reflectance in their feeding strategy: e.g., the kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), but also other birds of prey are able to recognize the presence of voles by perceiving the UV reflectance of their scent urine marks. The ability to detect the presence of prey is a common feature of birds with analogous feeding spectra in taxonomically distinct species. UV perception and its use in foraging have also been proved in predominantly herbivorous bird species. This ability is possessed both by bird species living in northern habitats and others living in tropical forests. The signalling and communication role of the UV perception is very important. The plumage of many bird species shows specific colour features -e.g., sexually different regions in plumage coloration unnoticed by the human eye. Also other body parts can have similar features -e.g., supra-orbital combs in the red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus). All these characteristics are important primarily in the mate-choice decision. Birds apparently also use their ability of UV perception for recognition of their own eggs. Some bird species are able to modify plumage UV reflectance by uropygial secretions. The knowledge of all specific aspects of bird physiology can significantly help both breeders of various bird species and facilitate effective veterinary care.

High-throughput nucleotide sequence analysis of diverse bacterial communities in leachates of decomposing pig carcasses

“…Clostridium spp. were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, and are abundant at relatively early stages of decomposition ( Varel et al , 1995 ; Alvarez-Perez et al , 2009 ; Garcia et al , 2009 ). Although most of the bacteria detected are anaerobic, the proportion of the aerobic bacterium Comamonas kerstersii was increased at week 6.…”

Evaluation of Four Different Diagnostic Tests To Detect Clostridium difficile in Piglets

“…Except for an in-house-developed semiautomatic PCR method to detect the C. difficile toxin genes A (tcdA) and B (tcdB), and a C. difficile specific triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) housekeeping gene, real-time PCR methods have not been evaluated to diagnose animal CDI (1). The aim of the present study was to compare the test performances of three different immunological assays and one molecular test to the CTA and toxigenic culture as the gold standards.…”

Detection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Clostridia in the Aetiology of Neonatal Piglet Diarrhoea: Important Factors for Their Prevention

“…Previous studies reported that C. difficile could be an etiological agent of enteritis in neonatal piglets [ 90 , 91 , 92 ]. While it is not considered to be a primary diarrheic pathogen in pigs based on epidemiological studies [ 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 ], other studies indicate that C. difficile is an emerging pathogen in neonatal diarrhoea [ 1 , 97 , 98 ]. These findings highlight the need for farmers to use recently developed commercial vaccines that provide immunization against C. difficile to sows to prevent neonatal diarrhoea via passive immunity.…”