Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA in raw sausages and liver sausages from retail in Germany using an optimized method

Szabo, Kathrin; Trojnar, E.; Anheyer-Behmenburg, H.; Binder, Alfred; Schotte, Ulrich; Ellerbroek, L.; Klein, Günter; Johne, Reimar

doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.09.013

Cited by 105 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The recovery rate was calculated after extraction of nucleic acids and quantification by the ddPCR method as the ratio between the number of genome copies of sample process control virus that were recovered to the number of genome copies used to spike the samples with. Overall the recovery rates in the studied samples varied from 0.06 to 14.36%, with the majority of samples (77% of pork pâtés, 86% of sausages, and 100% of raw pork livers) obtained a recovery rate of 1% or higher, which is consistent with the recovery rates obtained by others in similar food matrices (Berto et al 2013; Di Bartolo et al 2012, 2015; Szabo et al 2015, Wilhelm et al 2014). The recovery rates obtained from 3 pork livers that were spiked with HAV were 4.4, 4.6, and 7.9%.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 86%

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of the Hepatitis E Virus in Retail Pork Products Marketed in Canada

et al. 2017

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Infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is very common worldwide. HEV causes acute viral hepatitis with approximately 20 million cases per year. While HEV genotypes 1 and 2 cause large waterborne and foodborne outbreaks with a significant mortality in developing countries, genotypes 3 and 4 are more prevalent in developed countries with transmission being mostly zoonotic. In North America and Europe, HEV has been increasingly detected in swine, and exposure to pigs and pork products is considered to be the primary source of infection. Therefore we set out to investigate the prevalence of HEV in retail pork products available in Canada, by screening meal-size portions of pork pâtés, raw pork sausages, and raw pork livers. The presence of the HEV genomes was determined by RT-PCR and viral RNA was quantified by digital droplet PCR. Overall, HEV was detected in 47% of the sampled pork pâtés and 10.5% of the sampled raw pork livers, but not in the sampled pork sausages, and sequencing confirmed that all HEV strains belonged to genotype 3. Further phylogenetic analysis revealed that except for one isolate that clusters with subtype 3d, all isolates belong to subtype 3a. Amino acid variations between the isolates were also observed in the sequenced capsid region. In conclusion, the prevalence of HEV in pâtés and raw pork livers observed in this study is in agreement with the current HEV distribution in pork products reported in other developed countries.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12560-017-9281-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 86%

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of the Hepatitis E Virus in Retail Pork Products Marketed in Canada

et al. 2017

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“…Based on the tendencies found in our study (HEV IgG prevalence, serological evidence of (post)acute HEV infection) and the support from literature [38], we hypothesize that professional exposure to domestic pigs is a stronger risk factor than having occasional contact to wild boar when hunting. This can be explained by the remarkably high circulation of HEV in domestic pigs [54,[61][62][63][64].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)-antibody tests: a comparative analysis based on samples from individuals with direct contact to domestic pigs or wild boar in Germany

Sommerkorn

Schauer

Schreiner

et al. 2017

Med Microbiol Immunol

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In Europe, Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 causes most human infections, and domestic pigs and wild boar represent the main reservoirs. Contact to these animals represents one source of human infection. However, interpretation of studies is challenged in the absence of a serological gold standard. Hence, this study compared results of different HEV immunoassays. Plasma samples from 139 individuals who had professional contact to pigs (veterinarians, meat inspectors, slaughterhouse workers; n = 114) or hunted regularly (n = 25) were tested with assays specific for HEV IgG, HEV IgM, HEV IgA, and total HEV immunoglobulin as well as for viral RNA. Furthermore, overall HEV IgG was defined (i.e., two of three IgG assays reveal the same result) to compare serological findings. Borderline results were always quoted as positive. For IgG, apparent prevalence was higher in Wantai (48.2%) compared to Euroimmun (11.5%) and Mikrogen assays (17.3%) (p = 0.0001). The overall IgG prevalence was estimated to be 18.7%. For total Ig, Wantai (40.3%) also yielded higher prevalence than Euroimmun (15.8%) (p = 0.0001). The HEV IgM prevalence ranged from 0% (Euroimmun) to 4.3% (Mikrogen). Four percent of individuals tested IgA positive, whilst none harboured HEV RNA. Our results support previous studies that the higher IgG prevalence estimated with the Wantai assay result from a higher sensitivity of this test. However, further studies are needed to verify specificity given the challenge of defining true negative samples. The high percentage of individuals with HEV IgG observed in this study underlines that direct contact to pigs represents a risk factor for HEV infection.

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“…HEV-3 and HEV-4 RNA is present throughout the pork food chain worldwide [130,133,139,140,141,142,143]. Studies have reported that 3%–11% of pig liver samples at the slaughterhouse are HEV positive in France (4%) [144], the Netherlands (6.5%) [145], Czech Republic (5%) [141], Italy (6%) [140], Spain (3%) [140], the United Kingdom (3%) [146], Japan (5%) [147] and the US (11%) [148].…”

Section: Transmission Pathways Of Zoonotic Hevmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HEV RNA was also found in the liver of wild boars (5.8%), deer (3.2%) and wild rabbits (5%) hunted in southwestern France [149] and in the liver of wild boars (1.9%) hunted in north-western Italy [150]. HEV RNA has also been detected in pork sausages sold in the UK (10%) [146] and in Spain (6%) [140]; in ficatelli (30%), dried salted liver (3%), quenelle and quenelle paste (25%) and dried or fresh liver sausages (29%) sold in France [139]; in raw and dry liver sausages purchased in Italy [141], in raw sausages (20%) and liver sausages (22%) sold in Germany [142]; and in pork pâté and blood sausage (36%) sold in Brazil [151]. …”

Section: Transmission Pathways Of Zoonotic Hevmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: Classiﬁcation, Animal Reservoirs and Transmission Routes

Doceul

Bagdassarian

Demange

et al. 2016

Viruses

208

183

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During the past ten years, several new hepatitis E viruses (HEVs) have been identified in various animal species. In parallel, the number of reports of autochthonous hepatitis E in Western countries has increased as well, raising the question of what role these possible animal reservoirs play in human infections. The aim of this review is to present the recent discoveries of animal HEVs and their classification within the Hepeviridae family, their zoonotic and species barrier crossing potential, and possible use as models to study hepatitis E pathogenesis. Lastly, this review describes the transmission pathways identified from animal sources.

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Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA in raw sausages and liver sausages from retail in Germany using an optimized method

Cited by 105 publications

References 56 publications

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of the Hepatitis E Virus in Retail Pork Products Marketed in Canada

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of the Hepatitis E Virus in Retail Pork Products Marketed in Canada

Performance of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)-antibody tests: a comparative analysis based on samples from individuals with direct contact to domestic pigs or wild boar in Germany

Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: Classiﬁcation, Animal Reservoirs and Transmission Routes

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