Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: Classiﬁcation, Animal Reservoirs and Transmission Routes

Doceul, Virginie; Bagdassarian, Eugénie; Demange, Antonin; Pavio, Nicole

doi:10.3390/v8100270

Cited by 216 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 188 publications

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“…In 1997, Meng et al [140] reported for the first time the detection of the virus in pigs in the United States. Since then, HEV has been isolated from different species such as deer, wild boar, monkey, mongoose, rabbit, ferret, trout, bat, rat, chicken, kestrel, falcon, camel, and trout [141]. However, only pigs, wild boars, and deer are considered true reservoirs of the virus for humans [142].…”

Section: Hev In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus in Industrialized Countries: The Silent Threat

Clemente-Casares

Ramos-Romero

Ramirez-Gonzalez

et al. 2016

BioMed Research International

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the main cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Its presence in developing countries has been documented for decades. Developed countries were supposed to be virus-free and initially only imported cases were detected in those areas. However, sporadic and autochthonous cases of HEV infection have been identified and studies reveal that the virus is worldwide spread. Chronic hepatitis and multiple extrahepatic manifestations have also been associated with HEV. We review the data from European countries, where human, animal, and environmental data have been collected since the 90s. In Europe, autochthonous HEV strains were first detected in the late 90s and early 2000s. Since then, serological data have shown that the virus infects quite frequently the European population and that some species, such as pigs, wild boars, and deer, are reservoirs. HEV strains can be isolated from environmental samples and reach the food chain, as shown by the detection of the virus in mussels and in contaminated pork products as sausages or meat. All these data highlight the need of studies directed to control the sources of HEV to protect immunocompromised individuals that seem the weakest link of the HEV epidemiology in industrialized regions.

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Section: Hev In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus in Industrialized Countries: The Silent Threat

Clemente-Casares

Ramos-Romero

Ramirez-Gonzalez

et al. 2016

BioMed Research International

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“…Genotypes 1 and 2 exclusively affect humans and are the cause of large epidemics. Although HEV genotype 3 has been isolated in many animals, pigs constitute the main viral reservoir . The consumption of raw or undercooked pork products has been established as one of the main routes of transmission of infection to humans .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E virus in Spanish donors and the necessity for screening

Rivero‐Juárez

Jarilla‐Fernandez

Frías

et al. 2019

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

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Summary Hepatitis E virus (HEV) represents a major health problem worldwide. As the course of HEV cases is often subclinical, asymptomatic infections could represent an important source of viral spread and infection via routes such as blood donations. Before universal screening for HEV in blood donations can be implemented, studies evaluating the incidence of infection are needed to establish the potential risk of viral transmission. This is a prospective longitudinal study that included blood donors recruited at the Hospital de Ciudad Real Transfusion Service between October 2017 and January 2018. Pools of eight donations were tested for HEV viremia by PCR. Positive pools were individually evaluated following the same procedure. Positive samples were tested for anti‐HEV IgG and IgM. Recipients of blood transfusions obtained from HEV‐positive donors were retrospectively evaluated. The prevalence of HEV was calculated. A total of 11 313 healthy donors were analysed during the study period. Four blood donations from four different donors were HEV RNA‐reactive. The prevalence of HEV infection was 0.035% (95% CI: 0.01%‐0.09%), which meant a ratio of one positive donation per 2828 donations. All donors were negative for anti‐HEV IgM at the time of the donation. Five patients received transfusions from HEV‐positive blood donations, none of them showed an increase in alanine aminotransferase levels after transfusion. In conclusion, our study found a high prevalence of HEV infection in blood donors from south‐central Spain. In view of the prevalence, Spanish blood banks should carefully consider including screening for HEV.

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“…Additionally, a phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated that human and swine HEV strains isolated from the same regions share high sequence identities of up to 91.3%–100%, suggesting a close phylogenetic relationship (Liu et al, ). Experimental cross‐species transmission of HEV has also been confirmed across humans, non‐human primates and swine with genotypes 3 and 4 (Doceul, Bagdassarian, Demange, & Pavio, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Hepatitis E virus infection in swine workers: A meta‐analysis

Huang

Wagner

et al. 2018

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infects both humans and animals. Swine has been confirmed to be the principal natural reservoir, which raises a concern that HEV infection would be substantially increasing among swine workers. The present study calculated the pooled prevalence of IgG antibodies against HEV among swine workers and the general population in previous cross‐sectional studies. We conducted a meta‐analysis comparing the prevalence of HEV infection between swine workers and the general population, including local residents, blood donors and non‐swine workers. Through searches in three databases (PubMed and OVID in English, and CNKI in Chinese) and after study selection, a total of 32 studies from 16 countries (from 1999 through 2018) were included in the meta‐analysis. A random‐effect model was employed in the study; an I 2 statistic assessed heterogeneity, and the Egger's test detected publication bias. The comparative prevalence of anti‐HEV IgG was pooled from the studies. Compared to the general population, the prevalence ratio (PR) for swine workers was estimated to be 1.52 (95% CI 1.38–1.76) with the I 2 being 71%. No publication bias was detected (p = 0.40). A subgroup analysis further indicated increased prevalence of anti‐HEV IgG in the swine workers in Asia (PR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.35–1.64), in Europe (PR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.49–2.50) and in all five swine‐related occupations, including swine farmers, butchers, meat processors, pork retailers and veterinarians (PR ranged between 1.19 and 1.75). In summary, swine workers have a relatively higher prevalence of past HEV infection, and this finding is true across swine‐related occupations, which confirms zoonotic transmission between swine and swine workers.

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Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: Classiﬁcation, Animal Reservoirs and Transmission Routes

Cited by 216 publications

References 188 publications

Hepatitis E Virus in Industrialized Countries: The Silent Threat

Hepatitis E Virus in Industrialized Countries: The Silent Threat

Hepatitis E virus in Spanish donors and the necessity for screening

Hepatitis E virus infection in swine workers: A meta‐analysis

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