Detection and Heterogeneity of Herpesviruses Causing Pacheco's Disease in Parrots

Tomaszewski, Elizabeth K.; Wilson, Van G.; Wigle, William L.; Phalen, David N.

doi:10.1128/jcm.39.2.533-538.2001

Cited by 32 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Today, there are at least 5 different PsHV serotypes 25 recovered from Psittacid birds, with serotype 1 (PsHV-1) being the most common. 24 Pacheco's disease is primarily characterized by a massive hepatic necrosis, 14 variably accompanied by necrotizing lesions in intestines, spleen, kidney, pancreas, and endocrine glands; 17,18 there have been infrequent reports of unusual manifestations of PD characterized by lung 15,18,20 lesions, which would imply a possible variation in PsHV tissue tropism. In another report, an unusual outbreak of necrotizing esophagitis 2 occurred in Pionus sp.…”

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Respiratory herpesvirus infection in two Indian Ringneck parakeets

Lazic

Ackermann

Drahos³

et al. 2008

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. A flock of Indian Ringneck parakeets (Psittacula krameri manillensis) was imported to the United States from Australia. Soon after, 1 parakeet suddenly died, and a second parakeet died after a 2-day course of illness, which consisted of anorexia, lethargy, emaciation, and dyspnea. At necropsy, the affected birds had diffuse consolidation and red discoloration of the lungs, as well as thickened, congested air sacs. The microscopic examination revealed multifocal, necrotizing bronchitis, parabronchitis, and interstitial pneumonia. The lumen of the affected airways contained numerous, large syncytial cells with up to 15 nuclei. The nuclei of these syncytial cells often contained large, eosinophilic inclusion bodies, consistent with herpesvirus. The epithelium of the trachea and air sacs was hypertrophied and contained syncytial cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies similar to the bronchi. In addition, a few intranuclear inclusion bodies were also present in the epithelial cells that line the air capillaries. On ultrastructural examination, the nuclei of degenerating epithelial cells contained clusters of viral nucleocapsid proteins and unenveloped, icosahedral, viral particles that were approximately 90 nm in diameter. In addition, some epithelial cells contained clusters of enveloped viral particles approximately 105 nm in diameter, within the cytocavitary network. These lesions are characteristic of those caused by respiratory herpesvirus of parakeets.

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Respiratory herpesvirus infection in two Indian Ringneck parakeets

Lazic

Ackermann

Drahos³

et al. 2008

J VET Diagn Invest

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“…The psittacid herpesvirus (PsHV), an alphaherpesvirus, causes Pacheco's disease (20). Pacheco's disease is an acute, generally fatal disease of psittacine birds (parrots) (3,9,12,14,16,17).…”

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Molecular Phylogeny of the Psittacid Herpesviruses Causing Pacheco's Disease: Correlation of Genotype with Phenotypic Expression

Tomaszewski

Kaleta

Phalen

2003

J Virol

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Fragments of 419 bp of the UL16 open reading frame from 73 psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs) from the United States and Europe were sequenced. All viruses caused Pacheco's disease, and serotypes of the European isolates were known. A phylogenetic tree derived from these sequences demonstrated that the PsHVs that cause Pacheco's disease comprised four major genotypes, with each genotype including between two and four variants. With the exception of two viruses, the serotypes of the virus isolates could be predicted by the genotypes. Genotypes 1 and 4 corresponded to serotype 1 isolates, genotype 2 corresponded to serotype 2 isolates, and genotype 3 corresponded to serotype 3 isolates. The single serotype 4 virus mapped to genotype 4. DNA from a virus with a unique serotype could not be amplified with primers that amplified DNA from all other PsHVs, and its classification remains unknown. Viruses representing all four genotypes were found in both the United States and Europe, and it was therefore predicted that serotypes 1, 2, and 3 were present in the United States. Serotype 4 was represented by a single European isolate that could not be genetically distinguished from serotype 1 viruses; therefore, the presence of serotype 4 in the United States could not be predicted. Viruses of genotype 4 were found to be the most commonly associated with Pacheco's disease in macaws and conures and were least likely to be isolated in chicken embryo fibroblasts in the United States. All four genotypes caused deaths in Amazon parrots, but genotype 4 was associated with Pacheco's disease only in Amazons in Europe. Genotypes 2, 3, and 4, but not 1, were found in African grey parrots. Although parrots from the Pacific distribution represent a relatively small percentage of the total number of birds with Pacheco's disease, all four genotypes were found to cause disease in these species.

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“…Diagnosis was based on histopathological and virological examinations aided by identification of the PsHV by PCR (Tomaszewski et al, 2001). Although serological examinations were not performed due to the difficulties of blood sample collection, we believe that integrating PsHV serology in the routine quarantine tests would be beneficial in case of wild-captured birds.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The presence of PsHV was demonstrated by PCR in spleen, liver, and kidney samples as well as in cell culture supernatant (data not shown) using the method described by Tomaszewski et al (2001). The amplified 281-bp fragment was sequenced, and proved to be the expected partial sequence of the tegument protein gene of PsHV.…”

Section: Polymerase Chain Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The causative agent is an alphaherpesvirus, psittacid herpesvirus 1 (PsHV-1), closely related to gallid herpesvirus 1 (Tomaszewski et al, 2001). The disease affects almost exclusively parrots (Rivers and Schwentker, 1932;Martin et al, 1979;Miller et al, 1979;Gaskin et al, 1981), only one report describes a herpesvirus hepatitis of a toucan resembling PD, but it is unknown whether the virus isolate was really psittacid herpesvirus (Charlton et al, 1990).…”

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Pacheco’s disease in a Hungarian zoo bird population: A case report

Bistyák

Kecskeméti

Glávits³

et al. 2007

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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An epizootic of Pacheco's disease is reported from a zoo bird population. The infection was introduced by wild-captured Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonus) despite 61 days of quarantine. The disease affected several parrot species and, interestingly, three out of seven bearded barbets (Lybius dubius). The mortality rate was 30.93%. Autopsy revealed abdominal hyperaemia with liver haemorrhages and, in less rapid cases, yellowish discoloration and fragility of the liver. Death was caused by the collapse of circulation. Histopathology demonstrated liver cell necrosis, disintegration of the lobular structure, and a few intranuclear inclusion bodies. Icosahedral virions were detected by electron microscopy. The virus was isolated in the allantoic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs as well as in chicken embryo fibroblast cell culture. A 281-bp-long fragment of psittacid herpesvirus DNA was detected by PCR in cell culture material and liver samples of the affected birds. To our knowledge this is the first report of Pacheco's disease in bearded barbets as well as the first occurrence of Pacheco's disease in Hungary.

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Detection and Heterogeneity of Herpesviruses Causing Pacheco's Disease in Parrots

Cited by 32 publications

References 34 publications

Respiratory herpesvirus infection in two Indian Ringneck parakeets

Respiratory herpesvirus infection in two Indian Ringneck parakeets

Molecular Phylogeny of the Psittacid Herpesviruses Causing Pacheco's Disease: Correlation of Genotype with Phenotypic Expression

Pacheco’s disease in a Hungarian zoo bird population: A case report

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