Molecular Phylogeny of the Psittacid Herpesviruses Causing Pacheco's Disease: Correlation of Genotype with Phenotypic Expression

Tomaszewski, Elizabeth K.; Kaleta, E. F.; Phalen, David N.

doi:10.1128/jvi.77.20.11260-11267.2003

Cited by 34 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In the picornavirus, for example, structural genes cluster according to viral serotypes (Simmonds, 2006). Similarly, in psittacid herpesviruses, the serotypes of the virus isolates could be predicted by their genotypes (Tomaszewski et al, 2003). For bovine pestivirus, it has been shown that strains belonging to different genotypes lead to altered clinical manifestations in infected cattle (Baule et al, 1997(Baule et al, , 2001Jones et al, 2001), which resulted in the proposal that the diversification of this virus could be driven by viral adaptation in order to use multiple different pathogenic strategies (Jones et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine leukemia virus can be classified into seven genotypes: evidence for the existence of two novel clades

Rodríguez¹,

Golemba²,

Campos³

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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Previous studies have classified the env sequences of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) provirus from different locations worldwide into between two and four genetic groupings. These different studies gave unique names to the identified groups and no study has yet integrated all the available sequences. Thus, we hypothesized that many of the different groups previously identified actually correspond to a limited group of genotypes that are unevenly distributed worldwide. To examine this hypothesis, we sequenced the env gene from 28 BLV field strains and compared these sequences to 46 env sequences that represent all the genetic groupings already identified. By using phylogenetic analyses, we recovered six clades, or genotypes, that we have called genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Genotypes 1-5 have counterparts among the sequence groupings identified previously. One env sequence did not cluster with any of the others and was highly divergent when compared with the six genotypes identified here. Thus, an extra genotype, which we named 7, may exist. Similarity comparisons were highly congruent with phylogenetic analyses. Furthermore, our analyses confirmed the existence of geographical clusters. INTRODUCTIONBovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a member of the family Retroviridae belonging to the genus Deltaretrovirus. This genus also includes Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1, 2, 3 and 5 (STLV-1, -2, -3 and -5) and Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, 2, 3 and 4 (HTLV-1, -2, -3 and -4). have not yet been associated with any pathology, likely due to their recent identification and to the low number of isolates. Therefore, BLV is considered a model of HTLV-1 and -2 . BLV is recognized as the aetiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, a disease that results in significant economic losses for the worldwide cattle industry. The most conspicuous clinical manifestation of bovine leukosis, which only develops in a small fraction of infected animals, is the clonal expansion and local accumulation of B cells that results in the development of lymphoid tumours (lymphosarcoma, LS) (Gillet et al., 2007). The majority of infections are not associated with any clinical signs (AL), and in approximately 30 % of infected cattle, the virus causes a persistent lymphocytosis (PL) (Burny et al., 1987;Mirsky et al., 1996).Analyses of the BLV envelope (env) gene of isolates collected in multiple geographical locations demonstrated significant sequence conservation (Camargos et al., 2002(Camargos et al., , 2007Coulston et al., 1990). Nevertheless, up to seven BLV genotypes can be identified by RFLP analysis (Asfaw et al., 2005;Coulston et al., 1990;Fechner et al., 1997;Kettmann et al., 1981;Licursi et al., 2002). Furthermore, the env sequences of the BLV provirus from different locations worldwide have previously been classified into between two and four genetic groupings (Camargos et al., 2002(Camargos et al., , 2007Felmer et al., 2005;Hemmatzadeh, 2007;Licursi et al., 2003;Mamoun et al., 1990;Monti et al., 2005;Zhao & Buehring, 2007), with similar results...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine leukemia virus can be classified into seven genotypes: evidence for the existence of two novel clades

Rodríguez¹,

Golemba²,

Campos³

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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“…The later interpretation appears to be more likely. PsHV-1 genotype 2 was found in 4 parrots submitted for necropsy and 3 parrots from the Schubot collection 14 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genotypes 1, 2, and 3 correspond respectively to serotypes 1, 2, and 3, while genotype 4 is also serotype 1 3,14 . Multiple birds in this study were found to be coinfected with two PsHV-1 genotypes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other unknown factors also play a role in the pathogenesis of Pacheco disease; for example, PsHV-1 genotype 2 is the second leading cause of Pacheco's outbreaks in Europe, but has not been detected in parrots with Pacheco disease in the USA. 14 It appears that many infections with the PsHV-1 genotypes are subclinical. Subclinically infected parrots and parrots that survive Pacheco disease, with or without treatment, are believed to develop latent infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,9,10 There is a single confirmed case of Pacheco disease in a superb Starling (Lamprotornis superbus) and 5 suspected cases of Pacheco disease in 4 other species of passerine birds. 14 Outbreaks of this disease have resulted in massive die offs of captive parrots. 7,9,19 Pacheco disease is caused by infection with the a-herpesvirus, psittacid herpesvirus-1 (PsHV-1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tissue Distribution of Psittacid Herpesviruses in Latently Infected Parrots, Repeated Sampling of Latently Infected Parrots and Prevalence of Latency in Parrots Submitted for Necropsy

2006

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Abstract. Psittacid herpesvirus-1 (PsHV-1) is the cause of an acute fatal disease in parrots and is implicated as the cause of papillomatous lesions of the digestive tract. Not all infections cause disease and some parrots are infected asymptomatically. Latently infected parrots are potential sources for virus dissemination. Tissues from parrots that died spontaneously with a history of coming from flocks where a PsHV-1 outbreak had occurred were examined for PsHV-1 DNA. Fourteen of 16 parrots examined were infected with at least 1 variant of PsHV-1; of these 13 (93%) had viral DNA in either or both the oral and cloacal mucosa, suggesting that most latently infected parrots could be detected by sampling these sites. Nine of 9 parrots shown to be infected 5 years prior to this study were positive again on repeat sampling and were infected with the same virus genotype. Opportunistic sampling of parrots submitted for diagnostic necropsy indicated that the prevalence of PsHV-1 in parrots in the sampled population was approximately 9.3%. PsHV-1 genotypes 1, 2, and 3 were found in these birds, but genotype 4 was not. Six necropsy specimens were found to be infected with two PsHV-1 genotypes and it was concluded that infection with one serotype did not protect against infection with another. Psittacid herpesvirus 2 (PsHV-2) was identified in 4 African grey parrots and a blue and gold macaw. Prior to this study PsHV-2 had only been found in African grey parrots.

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Avian Herpesviruses

Kaleta¹,

Docherty²

2007

Infectious Diseases of Wild Birds

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Molecular Phylogeny of the Psittacid Herpesviruses Causing Pacheco's Disease: Correlation of Genotype with Phenotypic Expression

Cited by 34 publications

References 14 publications

Bovine leukemia virus can be classified into seven genotypes: evidence for the existence of two novel clades

Bovine leukemia virus can be classified into seven genotypes: evidence for the existence of two novel clades

Tissue Distribution of Psittacid Herpesviruses in Latently Infected Parrots, Repeated Sampling of Latently Infected Parrots and Prevalence of Latency in Parrots Submitted for Necropsy

Avian Herpesviruses

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