Detection analysis and risk assessment of cyanobacterial toxins

Mode of action of membrane-disruptive lytic compounds from the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense

“…For example, microcystins produced by some strains of the cyanobacteria Microcystis, Anabaena, and Oscillatoria (Sivonen et al, 1990;Fujiki and Suganuma, 1993;Bell and Codd, 1996;Fawell et al, 1999;Chorus et al, 2000), and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, such as okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1, produced by dinoflagellates belonging to the genera Dinophysis and Prorocentrum (Yasumoto et al, 1979(Yasumoto et al, , 1984 belong to the first type. Although these toxin groups are structurally and biosynthetically unrelated, they share the capacity to act as potent protein phosphatase inhibitors in mammalian cells, and also exert allelopathic effects on certain macroalgae (Pflugmacher, 2002) and microalgae (Windust et al, 1996(Windust et al, , 1997.…”

Detection and quantification of toxins in cultures of microcystis aeruginosa (pcc 7820) by hplc and protein phosphatase inhibition assayffect of blending various collectors at bulk

“…Many cyanobacterial genera e.g. Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Aphanizomenon, Anabaena have species or strains that produce potent dermato-, hepato-and neuro-toxins implicated in poisoning episodes of wild and domestic animals and human health problems (Belay andWood 1982, Ochumba 1990;Bell and Codd 1996). Amongst the cyanotoxins, cyclic heptapeptides -microcystins are the most commonly reported in incidents of poisoning and the death of over 50 haemodialysis patients in Caruaru, Brazil, has been attributed to exposure to microcystins in dialysis water (Pouria et al 1998).…”

Colorimetric Immuno-Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay for Specific Detection of Microcystins and Nodularins of Cyanobacteria

“…However, the protein phosphatase inhibition assay alone is not specific for cyanobacterial toxins. It responds to a wide range of additional protein phosphatase inhibitors (3). The use of antibodies in ELISA applications provides specificity, unlike the protein phosphatase inhibition assay.…”

“…Reports of animal intoxication and human illness from around the globe (9) and, more recently, the deaths of more than 50 hemodialysis patients in Caruaru, Brazil, have been linked to the presence of microcystins in water (7,11,20). There is a need for increased awareness and enhanced ability to detect these toxins for protection of health and management of bodies of water which are prone to cyanobacterial bloom development (3). Several detection methods are currently in use; these methods include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (13), small-animal bioassays (5), and enzyme inhibition assays (1,22).…”

“…Several bloomforming cyanobacterial genera are capable of producing these toxins; these genera include Microcystis, Anabaena, Planktothrix, and Nostoc, which can produce the cyclic heptapeptide microcystins, and Nodularia, which can produce the cyclic pentapeptide nodularins. The toxins have a number of common structural features, in particular, the unique ␤-C20 amino acid 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid (3,9).…”