Detailed Investigation of Evaporated Perovskite Absorbers with High Crystal Quality on Different Substrates

Abstract

Dual-source vapor-phase deposition enables low-temperature fabrication of high-performance planar structure perovskite (CHNHPbI) solar cells (PSCs), applicable in tandem devices or for industrial production with high homogeneity. Herein, we report low-temperature fabrication of high-efficiency PSCs by dual-source vapor-phase deposition and significance of TiO surface modification with [6,6]-phenyl C butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) on cell performance. Co-evaporation of PbI and CHNHI, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses, results in CHNHPbI layers with a well-crystallized tetragonal phase formed on both TiO and TiO/PCBM electron-transport layers (ETLs). The devices with PCBM interlayer between TiO and CHNHPbI showed remarkably higher performance than those with TiO only, which was attributed to enhance charge extraction and reduced recombination at the TiO/PCBM/CHNHPbI interface. The devices composed of evaporated CHNHPbI on top of the TiO/PCBM and [2,2',7,7'-tetrakis( N, N-di- p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene] (Spiro-OMeTAD) as hole-transport material demonstrated power conversion efficiencies of 17.1% (reverse scan) and 13.4% (forward scan) with stabilized efficiency of over 16%, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest efficiency reported for evaporated perovskite solar cells using low-temperature fabrication method involving compact TiO layer as ETL. Furthermore, we show that this process can be used to deposit a CHNHPbI layer on top of a textured silicon substrate, which is the first step for preparing perovskite-silicon tandem devices with enhanced antireflection and light-trapping properties.

Anti‐Oxidizing Radical Polymer‐Incorporated Perovskite Layers and their Photovoltaic Characteristics in Solar Cells

“…The cells, for example, fabricated with perovskite compounds using a mixture cations of methylamine, formamidine, cesium, and rubidium have provided high photovoltaic conversion efficiencies of beyond 20 % owing to their wide light absorption and high‐quality perovskite layer formation . Their facile fabrication processes, light weight and possible flexible structures, and low material costs have also led to discussions on replacing conventional solar cells with these still developing perovskite cells and utilizing them in a tandem configuration . However, the low durability of the perovskite cells derived from the decomposition of perovskite compounds upon exposure to ambient air remains a problematic issue .…”

“…[14][15][16] Their facile fabrication processes, light weight and possible flexible structures, and low material costs have also led to discussions on replacing conventionals olar cells with these still developing perovskite cells and utilizing them in a tandem configuration. [17][18][19][20] However,t he low durability of the perovskite cells derived from the decomposition of perovskite compounds upon exposure to ambient air remains ap roblematic issue. [21,22] Haquea nd co-workersf ound that the degradation of the organo-lead halide perovskite layer in the presence oxygen is an important factor influencing stability.…”

Perovskites fabricated on textured silicon surfaces for tandem solar cells

“…Perovskite solar cell fabrication processes can be classified into five methods (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). One of the strong candidates is the evaporation incorporated process [27][28][29] . With a hybrid process combining evaporated precursor and solution-based conversion processes, Sahli et al reported a 25.2% perovskite/fully textured silicon tandem solar cell 30,31 .…”

Numerical study of a highly efficient light trapping nanostructure of perovskite solar cell on a textured silicon substrate

“…There are various methods such as evaporation, vacuum deposition, atomic layer deposition, sputtering, etc. to fabricate a conformal perovskite film and other components of the PSC on a textured substrate 47 – 52 . In this regard, one can use a two-step hybrid technique combining co-evaporation and spin-coating to deposit perovskite on an underlying textured silicon wafer 50 .…”

“…Since, on the one hand, the proposed structure has to be fabricated from the bottom up, and each layer should follow the shape of the previous layer, and on the other hand, the presented nanostructured PSC has angled configuration with a low width unit cell, after the fabrication process, it would not accurately form as proposed and would have a shape similar to the one shown in Fig. 7 a, depending on the manufacturing conditions 47 , 49 , 50 , 53 .…”