Design, operation and availability analysis of a multi-terminal HVDC grid - A case study of a possible Offshore Grid in the Norwegian Sea

Rui, Øyvind August; Ohlen, C.; Solvik, Johan; Thon, J. George; Karijord, K.; Gjengedal, T.

doi:10.1109/ptc.2011.6019192

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In reliability and performance analysis of offshore wind farms, it may be beneficial to investigate other offshore electrical infrastructure, which is not part of a WT but is essential to energy collection and transmission to shore. The reliability of offshore transmission equipment such as cables (AC and DC), high voltage power transformers, converters, and switchgears can be found in databases and existing surveys such as the International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRÉ), [57][58][59] Offshore Wind Program Board (OWPB), 50 Beddard and Barnes, 61 and Rui et al 62…”

Section: Offshore Wind Turbine Reliability Databasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind turbine reliability data review and impacts on levelised cost of energy

2019

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Reliability is critical to the design, operation, maintenance, and performance assessment and improvement of wind turbines (WTs). This paper systematically reviews publicly available reliability data for both onshore and offshore WTs and investigates the impacts of reliability on the cost of energy. WT failure rates and downtimes, broken down by subassembly, are collated from 18 publicly available databases including over 18 000 WTs, corresponding to over 90 000 turbine‐years. The data are classified based on the types of data collected (failure rate and stop rate) and by onshore and offshore populations. A comprehensive analysis is performed to investigate WT subassembly reliability data variations, identify critical subassemblies, compare onshore and offshore WT reliability, and understand possible sources of uncertainty. Large variations in both failure rates and downtimes are observed, and the skew in failure rate distribution implies that large databases with low failure rates, despite their diverse populations, are less uncertain than more targeted surveys, which are easily skewed by WT type failures. A model is presented to evaluate the levelised cost of energy as a function of WT failure rates and downtimes. A numerical study proves a strong and nonlinear relationship between WT reliability and operation and maintenance expenditure as well as annual energy production. Together with the cost analysis model, the findings can help WT operators identify the optimal degree of reliability improvement to minimise the levelised cost of energy.

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Section: Offshore Wind Turbine Reliability Databasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind turbine reliability data review and impacts on levelised cost of energy

2019

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“…Therefore, the availability for PtP link can be calculated by multiplying all of these components together. The failure rate of a 100 km submarine DC cable equals to 0.07 occurrence/yr with the repair time equals 60 days [30], [31]. The availability of the underground DC cable is expected to be higher, i.e.…”

Section: Benefits Of Mtdc Transmission Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking MTTF of an offshore high-speed DCCB equals to 20 years and MTTR equals to 180 hours [31], the availability indices for each component depicted in Figure 5 are given in Table VI. There are no DC cables in OFS3 and OFS4 since the DC cable for interconnecting these stations to the interconnection hub are represented separately as DCL2 and DCL3.…”

Section: Benefits Of Mtdc Transmission Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

An initial topology of multi-terminal HVDC transmission system in Europe: A case study of the North-Sea region

Irnawan

Silva

Bak

et al. 2016

2016 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON)

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In this paper, technical challenges for realizing offshore multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) transmission system in Europe is evaluated. An offshore MTDC topology is projected by interconnecting point-to-point HVDC links with the same voltage level and technology found in southeastern part of North Sea. Availability analysis is done to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed offshore MTDC topology. As compared to point-topoint (PtP) HVDC link, MTDC operation gives a more secure and reliable system. This paper shows that the proposed MTDC topology can operate 98.36% of the time.

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“…To meet electric power requirements, a large number of long-distance RES ought to be built [1]. The voltage-source converter (VSC) has been used as the convenient solution to link these offshore RES [2][3][4]. MT-high-voltage DC (HVDC) is eligible to connect multiple numbers of VSC together using their DC side as presented in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%