SEV, the Faroese Power Company, has a vision to reach a 100% renewable power system by 2030. SEV is committed to achieve this, starting from a 41% share of renewables in 2019. A detailed expansion plan for the generation, storage and transmission is needed to reach this goal. This is the focus of this study. Practical constrains e.g. resource potential and available space must be considered. Balmorel, an optimisation tool, has been used to optimise investments and dispatch. A method to translate optimal results to a realistic RoadMap was developed and applied. The impact of different technologies and costs has been investigated through multiple scenarios. In ratios of average consumption in 2030, installed power will be 224% wind, 105% solar with 8-9 days of pumped hydro storage according to the proposed RoadMap. The plan is economically favorable up to 87% of renewables, but in order to reach a 100% renewable production in an average weather year, the renewable generation capacity has to be increased by 80%. The study also shows that if biofules or tidal technologies become viable, these will be game changers needing a significantly lower total sum of installed renewable power.
For more than a century, overhead lines have been the most commonly used technology for transmitting electrical energy at all voltage levels, especially on the highest levels. However, in recent years, an increase in both the number and length of HVAC cables in the transmission networks of different countries like Denmark, Japan or United Kingdom has been observed. At the same time, the construction of offshore wind farms, which are typically connected to the shore through HVAC cables, increased exponentially. As the number of HVAC cables increased, the interest in the study of electromagnetic phenomena associated to their operation, among them electromagnetic transients, increased as well. Transient phenomena have been studied since the beginning of power systems, at first using only analytical approaches, which limited studies to more basic phenomena; but as computational tools became more powerful, the analyses started to expand for the more complex phenomena. Being old phenomena, electromagnetic transients are covered in many publications, and classic books such as the 40-year-old Greenwood's ''Electric Transients in Power Systems'' are still used to this day. However, the majority of publications tend to ignore HVAC cables, which is understandable as the use of long HVAC cables was not very common until recent years. This book proposes to address some of the transient phenomena that may occur when operating power networks with HVAC cables. The book is written as a textbook and it tries to give comprehensive explanations of the different phenomena and focus on describing different scenarios. It is the authors' opinion that this approach allows for a better understanding of the physical principles and for readers to adapt their analyses accordingly when handling different cases concerning HVAC cables. An important topic that is not covered in this book is measurements protocols/ methods. The protocols used when performing measurements on a cable depend on what is to be measured, the available equipment and accessibility. Readers interested in the topic are referred to search for this information in Ph.D. theses and scientific papers. However, the book is not only intended for students. It can also be used by engineers who work in this area and need to understand the challenges/problems they are facing or who need to learn how to prepare their simulation models. v
The traditional methodology for defining the ampacity of overhead lines is based on conservative criteria regarding the operating conditions of the line, leading to the so-called static line rating. Although this procedure has been considered satisfactory for decades, it is nowadays sensible to account for more realistic line operating conditions when calculating its dynamic ampacity. Dynamic line rating is a technology used to improve the ampacity of overhead transmission lines based on the assumption that ampacity is not a static value but a function of weather and line's operating conditions. In order to apply this technology, it is necessary to monitor and predict the temperature of the conductor over time by direct or indirect measurements. This paper presents an algorithm to estimate and predict the temperature in overhead line conductors using an Extended Kalman Filter, with the aim of minimizing the mean square error in the current and subsequent states (temperature) of the conductor. The proposed algorithm assumes both actual weather and current intensity flowing along the conductor as control variables. The temperature of the conductor, mechanical tension and sag of the catenary are used as measurements because the common practice is to measure these values with dynamic line rating hardware. The algorithm has been validated by both simulations and measurements. The results of this study conclude that it is possible to implement the algorithm into Dynamic Line Rating systems, leading to a more accurate estimation and prediction of temperature.
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