Design of novel organic–inorganic composite bone cements with high compressive strength, in vitro bioactivity and cytocompatibility

Abstract

In this work, novel bioactive organic–inorganic composite bone cements consisting of tricalcium silicate (C3S), sodium alginate (SA), and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CS) were successfully fabricated for the first time via a special method designing material composition and internal structure simultaneously, which was intended to enhance mechanical performance by combining progressive hydration process of C3S with distinctive gelation capacity of SA and further improve degradability and self‐setting properties with the addition of CS. Depending on the synergistic combination of hydration and gelation, the C3S/SA/CS composite cements (45/45/10 wt %) obtained extremely higher compressive strength up to 92.41 MPa as compared with each single component. The reinforcing mechanisms involving interfacial interaction and interior microstructure were proposed to explain this enhancement phenomenon. Additionally, the final setting time could be reduced from 68 min to 21 min with the increasing CS content. The composite cements possessed good apatite mineralization ability in simulated body fluid solution and moderate degradation rate in phosphate buffer solution. What's more, the composite cements exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and increased proliferation of rat bone‐marrow stem cells. This study could provide guidelines for the preparation of bioactive composite cements with enhanced mechanical performance, which may be suitable for load‐bearing bone repair. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2365–2377, 2019.

Effects of tricalcium silicate/sodium alginate/calcium sulfate hemihydrate composite cements on osteogenic performances in vitro and in vivo

“…Ideal bone substitutes not only provide structural repair and mechanical support for bone to a certain extent, but also promote bone regeneration by stimulating favorable attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of bone-related cells. The C 3 S/SA/ CS composite cements with superior physicochemical properties had been successfully designed and fabricated in our previous study 16 and were further illustrated to enhance osteogenic performances in vitro and in vivo in the present study. Thus, proliferation, attachment, and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs treated Relative mRNA expression 0.8 with C 3 S/SA/CS, as well as bone regeneration in vivo, were investigated in detail to evaluate the osteogenic performances of composite cements.…”

“…via forming ionic bridges between adjacent polymer chains. 14,15 Thereby, in our previous study, 16 we had successfully designed and fabricated ternary organic-inorganic composite bone cements (tricalcium silicate/sodium alginate/calcium sulfate hemihydrate, C 3 S/SA/CS) with special dual-network structure via combining C 3 S hydration with SA gelation, and preliminarily demonstrated that the C 3 S/SA/CS composite cements possessed high compressive strength, proper setting time, good injectability, appropriate degradability, and excellent in vitro bioactivity, all of which could be adjusted by modulating the compositions for specific clinical application. For these above reasons, it is quite necessary to make more in-depth research on the osteogenic performances in vitro and in vivo of the C 3 S/SA/CS composite cements.…”

“…Preparation. The C 3 S/SA/CS composite cements with various contents of CS were prepared according to our previous publication, 16 also as shown in Scheme 1. Briefly, the premixed C 3 S/SA powders (weight ratio 1:1) were physical blended uniformly with CS powders at different weight ratios (C 3 S/SA/ CS: C0, 50/50/0 wt%; C1, 45/45/10 wt%; C3, 35/35/ 30 wt%; and C5, 25/25/50 wt%) via mixing these powders in an inflatable pocket manually for about 5 min.…”

Vitamin D3-loaded calcium citrate/calcium sulfate composite cement with enhanced physicochemical properties, drug release, and cytocompatibility

“…To perform weight-loss tests, samples with a diameter and height of 6 and 7 mm, respectively were soaked in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS) with a surface area to solution volume ratio of 0.1 cm 2 /mL. 14,15 The PBS was refreshed every week, and the pH value of each solution was determined using a pH meter (PHS-3C, Shanghai instrument electric science instrument Co. Ltd, China) at days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42. Thereafter, the samples were removed after the respective incubation periods, and the discs were dried in a 60°C vacuum drying oven for 24 h. The original samples, which were not soaked in PBS but dried directly, were used as the control group.…”

Preparation and Characterization of Iron-Doped Tricalcium Silicate-Based Bone Cement as a Bone Repair Material

“…The cells were cultured in the Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum and stored in incubator with 5% CO 2 and 95% relative humidity at 37 °C [ 35 ]. Before the cell culture experiment, all cement discs (Φ 6 mm × 3 mm) were sterilized at 160 °C for 8 h. The C 3 Ss and Fe/C 3 Ss discs were immersed in DMEM for 3 days at 4 °C to prepare ion extracts, and the solid to liquid ratio was 0.2 g/mL [ 36 ]. The cultured cells were planted in the extract for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, to evaluate the cell proliferation abilities and toxicity tests of the materials.…”