“…Microwave dielectric spectroscopy has advantages in detecting and identifying materials due to its real-time measurements, non-invasiveness, high sensitivity, and robustness [ 1 ]. Planar resonator-based microwave sensors have been applied in many testing and characterization scenarios, including displacement and rotation sensing [ 2 ], crack detection of metal and non-metal materials [ 3 ], medical settings [ 4 ], and dielectric constant measurements for solid dielectrics and liquid chemicals [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”