“…In order to overcome the problem of the limited accessibility in ICs, design for testability measures have to be taken to improve the controllability and observability by propagating test signals from the external IC pins to and from internal, otherwise inaccessible nodes [140]. These measures can for instance take the form of extra test pins or extra test structures [e.g., (de)multiplexers] to isolate and individually test the different analog blocks in the system [144], analog scan path techniques to read out selected test node signals into a serial scan path [145], or extra circuitry to reconfigure the circuit in the test mode, e.g., use a feedback structure to reconfigure the circuit into an oscillator mode where the oscillation frequency then indicates whether the circuit is faulty or fault-free [146].…”