Design, application and evaluation of a cricothyrotomy model for a multidisciplinary simulation. An observational single centre study

Harnessing power of simulation training effectiveness with Kirkpatrick model in emergency surgical airway procedures

“…Previous studies suggested that self-efficacy and resilience would be gained from training modality with live tissues [ 14 , 26 ]. Without contradictions, this study showed that simulator without animal tissues could be fostering personal strengths (i.e.…”

“…Satisfactory training curriculum and simulation procedures with international standards [ 39 ], timely feedback and effective debriefing skills of instructor are facilitators for training effectiveness and quality assurance. Besides, personal strengths would be more likely to foster when training objectives were met [ 14 , 26 ]. All satisfactory findings reflected service needs perceived by high management and steering committee members of the Advanced Surgical Trauma Course were correspondent with training needs of medical and nursing staff in their position for trauma management [ 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 40 ].…”

“…Insights into the perception of usability were identified. Efficacy in use of simulator would be higher when the simulator performed well in mimicking entire Cricothyroidotomy procedure in an innovative approach under training environment with physical and psychological safety (e.g., physical comfort, hygiene) [ 26 , 27 ]. The more the vibes of safety were secured in training, the more likely participants would show acceptance to use new simulator instead of procine model in knowledge and skills acquisition and its transfer to daily operation [ 16 , 25 ].…”

“…Of 52 emergency trainees, 43 reflected on their experiences as satisfactory with the bleeding effect and skin texture, and 50% higher comfort level than training with porcine [ 25 ]. Similarly, Calvo and colleagues set an exemplar of proof-of-concept study, combining 3D printed trachea model, air pump, blood pad, and pork belly to enhance realism and human physiology at low costs [ 26 ]. With demonstration by 11 Intensive care trainees, airway surgical experts were satisfied with tactile fidelity, whereas “resistance or friction” on intubation process were high [ 26 ].…”

“…Similarly, Calvo and colleagues set an exemplar of proof-of-concept study, combining 3D printed trachea model, air pump, blood pad, and pork belly to enhance realism and human physiology at low costs [ 26 ]. With demonstration by 11 Intensive care trainees, airway surgical experts were satisfied with tactile fidelity, whereas “resistance or friction” on intubation process were high [ 26 ]. However, sample size of the study was small, without investigation on training effectiveness at higher level, in terms of learning effect and its transfer to clinical setting.…”