Depressive and anxiety symptoms and associated factors among postnatal women in Enugu-North Senatorial District, South-East Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

BackgroundPostnatal depression (PND) and anxiety (PNA) among women are prevalent and impairing health problems, with adverse outcomes for mothers and their infants. This study assessed the prevalence of depression, anxiety and associated factors in a sample of postnatal women.MethodA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 postpartum women attending public health facilities in the study area. Postnatal depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and anxiety was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A). Data on maternal demographics, health characteristics, pregnancy-related characteristics, labor and birth characteristics, were collected via structured questionnaire. Binary Logistic and multinomial logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify the factors associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in women.ResultsThe EPDS identified 92 women (34.6%) as possibly depressed (using a cut-off ≥13) while the HADS-A identified 89 women (33.3%) with anxiety symptoms (using a cut-off + 8). A total of 69 women were identified with symptoms of anxiety and depression (anxious-depression). The multinomial regression analysis (MLA) showed that the history of depression (AOR = 0.12, 95% (CI 0.02, 0.76), and being a mother aged 15–29 years (AOR = 10.31, 95% (CI 1.13, 94.11) had a significant effect on the development of anxiety symptoms in women. Although not significant, mother’s income level (AOR = 1.53, 95% (CI 0.72, 3.25), and being a younger mother (AOR = 1.06, 95% (CI 0.21, 5.26) were more likely to predict depressive symptoms in postnatal women. Attendance at postnatal care services in the PHCs (AOR = 0.14, 95% CI (0.04, 0.48) was significantly associated with anxious-depressed in the studied postnatal women.ConclusionThe findings of this study showed a direct association between depressive symptoms, anxiety and younger maternal age, rural residence, and low income. The higher prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in this study is a call for postnatal care that is culturally sensitive, patient-centered, accessible and affordable by women, most importantly poor and rural women.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13690-018-0329-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Perinatal death triples the prevalence of postpartum depression among women in Northern Uganda: A community-based cross-sectional study

“…We adjusted for the following factors, previously shown to be associated with postpartum depression: maternal age [24,26], maternal education [44], parity [25,45], wealth status [44,46], marital status [27] and place of birth [47]. We fitted a model during the multivariable analysis using generalized estimating equation for the Poisson family, with a log link while considering the cluster effect.…”

“…Although extensive studies have been conducted on postpartum depression [ 24 – 29 ], few have focused on women who have experienced a perinatal death [ 14 , 30 – 32 ]. In our study context, the association between perinatal death and postpartum depression has not been established making this evidence scarce in Northern Uganda.…”

Comorbid Postpartum Anxiety and Depression and Associated Factors in Mothers with Pre-Term Births: A Descriptive Comparative Study.

“…This study's higher scores may be explained by their design method, setting and timing, which are clearly different from the current study. Another study from Nigeria focusing on depression and anxiety in 270 postnatal women found 25.5% (n=69) of its sample with anxiety assessed using HAD-A (10). This study also found that it was history of depression (AOR = 0.12, 95% (CI 0.02, 0.76), and being a mother aged 15-29 years (AOR = 10.31, 95% (CI 1.13, 94.11) that had a significant effect on the development of anxiety symptoms in women..Our study results however were comparable to Muliira et.…”

“…More recent studies have reported increased levels of acute stress and high levels of anxiety in mothers of preterm infants in NICU (8,9). PPD has received considerable research attention while postnatal anxiety (PNA) has been relatively neglected (10). Depressed and anxious mothers have communication difficulties which have a negative impact on the children and family (11).…”

Masalah Menyusui sebagai Determinan Terjadinya Risiko Depresi Postpartum pada Ibu Nifas Normal

“…18 Selanjutnya, penelitian yang dilakukan di Nigeria juga menyebutkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara usia ibu dan pendidikan. 19 Pada faktor risiko ini didapatkan hasil bahwa tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara komplikasi persalinan (nilai p=1,000), komplikasi perinatal (nilai p=1, 000), jenis persalinan (nilai p=0,694), dan pemberian ASI (nilai p=0,206) dengan risiko terjadinya depresi postpartum. Penelitian ini berbanding terbalik dengan penelitian di Jepang yang tertulis dalam jurnal milik Mathisen et al (2013) yang menyebutkan bahwa dari 627 ibu yang dengan score EPDS tinggi memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan melahirkan prematur dan komplikasi persalinan.…”