Depression and Diabetes: Factors Associated With Major Depression at Five-Year Follow-Up

Abstract

Background In a prospective study of primary care patients with diabetes we determined whether macrovascular or microvascular events or coronary, cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular procedures during follow-up were associated with meeting criteria for major depression at 5-year follow-up. Design, Patients and Measurements A total of 2759 patients with diabetes mellitus were followed over a 5-year period. Evidence of macrovascular and microvascular events and coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular procedures was assembled from automated data using ICD-9 and CPT codes and was verified by chart review. Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire. Results After controlling for baseline severity of depression symptoms and history of depression, having 1 or more coronary procedures during follow-up, and baseline severity of diabetes symptoms were strong predictors of having major depression at 5-year follow-up. Conclusions The risk of major depression among persons with diabetes is increased by prior depression history, baseline diabetes symptoms, and cardiovascular procedures.

Diabetes and Co-morbid Depression Among Racially Diverse, Low-Income Adults

“…(4) We found that demographics (age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, employment status, annual household income, marital status, and health insurance status), lifestyle behaviors (cigarette smoking status and alcohol consumption), antidepressant use, and BMI were more strongly associated with the presence and severity of depressive symptoms than a diabetes diagnosis. Factors unmeasured in this study, such as functional impairment (26), may be an even stronger predictor of depressive symptoms than having diabetes and/or having the other risk factors identified here.…”

The Age-by-Disease Interaction Hypothesis of Late-Life Depression

“…Further, they are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from medical illness, 16 a phenomenon most likely attributable to a combination of both maladaptive health risk behaviors as well as physiologic effects of LLD. Interestingly, emerging evidence suggests that the association between medical illness and depression is bidirectional, that is, not only does depression magnify the negative consequences of medical illness, but medical illness negatively affects the course of depression; 17-18 accordingly depression has been proposed as a disease of accelerated aging. 19 In addition to amplifying the rates of morbidity and mortality from medical illness, LLD appears to lead to increased rates of suicide among older individuals.…”

Relationship between sarcopenia and depression in older patients with diabetes: An investigation using the Japanese version of SARC‐F

“…It has recently been reported that the prevalence of depression in patients with diabetes is approximately twice that in patients without diabetes . It is thought that this depression is caused by anxiety regarding various diabetic complications that could occur in the future or decreased physical function because of diabetic complications . Depression is said to be related to mortality and decreased quality of life .…”