Dentistry 4.0 Concept in the Design and Manufacturing of Prosthetic Dental Restorations

Abstract

The paper is a comprehensive but compact review of the literature on the state of illnesses of the human stomatognathic system, related consequences in the form of dental deficiencies, and the resulting need for prosthetic treatment. Types of prosthetic restorations, including implants, as well as new classes of implantable devices called implant-scaffolds with a porous part integrated with a solid core, as well as biological engineering materials with the use of living cells, have been characterized. A review of works on current trends in the technical development of dental prosthetics aiding, called Dentistry 4.0, analogous to the concept of the highest stage of Industry 4.0 of the industrial revolution, has been presented. Authors’ own augmented holistic model of Industry 4.0 has been developed and presented. The studies on the significance of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in planning prosthetic treatment, as well as in the design and manufacture of prosthetic restorations, have been described. The presented and fully digital approach is a radical turnaround in both clinical procedures and the technologies of implant preparation using computer-aided design and manufacturing methods (CAD/CAM) and additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, including selective laser sintering (SLS). The authors’ research illustrates the practical application of the Dentistry 4.0 approach for several types of prosthetic restorations. The development process of the modern approach is being observed all over the world. The use of the principles of the augmented holistic model of Industry 4.0 in advanced dental engineering indicates a change in the traditional relationship between a dentist and a dental engineer. The overall conclusion demonstrates that it is inevitable and extremely beneficial to implement the idea of Dentistry 4.0 following the assumptions of the authors’ own, holistic Industry 4.0 model.

Theoretical Evaluation of the Melting Efficiency for the Single-Screw Micro-Extrusion Process: The Case of 3D Printing of ABS

“…The application of additive manufacturing (AM) for polymeric final products, which is popularly known as 3D printing or rapid prototyping, has increased significantly in the last years [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. A frequently considered methodology for the manufacturing of polymer parts is extrusion-based AM (EAM) [2,10].…”

Recent Development in Micromanufacturing of Metallic Materials

“…This approach to the problem clearly indicates the contemporary importance of both material and technological design [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. However, it is not only additive technologies that determine technological success.…”

Application Solid Laser-Sintered or Machined Ti6Al4V Alloy in Manufacturing of Dental Implants and Dental Prosthetic Restorations According to Dentistry 4.0 Concept

“…Stadium Industry 4.0 is associated with systematically implemented cyber-physical systems. An essential element of those activities is to achieve the Materials 4.0 stage of material design [1,8,9] as part of a complex engineering design process also involving structural and technological design. The Industry 4.0 model, resulting directly from the original reports introducing this approach [2][3][4][5], however, proved to be incomplete.…”

“…Figure 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the synergistic interaction of the three pillars of the Dentistry 4.0 model, including dentistry, dental engineering and material engineering. In modern dentistry, as well as in medicine in general, various engineering devices are often used [1,9,[12][13][14]. In many cases, these devices replace the components of the human body removed due to illness or, for example, during an accident and fulfill its natural functions.…”

“…It applies to, among others, teeth removed due to disease or lost for other reasons, as well as those resulting from malformations. Such medical devices, including dental implants and other prosthetic restorations, are manufactured artificially and are placed under the epithelial surface in full or in part and remain in the body for a long time performing their intended functions [1,9,[15][16][17][18]. They are made of biomaterials, also called bioengineering materials, and surface layers with such properties are applied to substrates from other, more common materials used on those devices.…”