Demonstration of exponential random graph models in tourism studies: Is tourism a means of global peace or the bottom line?

Khalilzadeh, Jalayer

doi:10.1016/j.annals.2017.12.007

Cited by 51 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The contribution of tourism in reconciliation efforts in post-conflict settings has also been highlighted in cases including the Former Yugoslavia (Causevic & Lynch, 2011), Cambodia (Winter, 2008), Vietnam (Gillen, 2014), Burundi (Novelli et al, 2012), Cyprus (Farmaki, 2017), Korean Peninsula (Cho, 2007;Kim & Prideaux, 2003), Palestine (Isaac, 2009), Afghanistan (Durko & Petrick, 2016) and China and Taiwan (Rowen, 2014). In contrast, there is another perspective that questions the validity of the causal relationship between tourism and peace (Hall, 1994(Hall, , 2005Khalilzadeh, 2018;Pratt & Liu, 2016;Salazar, 2006). For instance, in their empirical investigation, Pratt and Liu (2016) reported that tourism is a beneficiary of peace rather than a cause of peace.…”

Section: Peace Through Tourism and Sanctionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism, peace and sustainability in sanctions-ridden destinations

Seyfi

Hall

Vo‐Thanh

2020

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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Despite the widespread use of sanctions as a foreign policy tool in the absence of armed intervention and as a means to promote peace, there is notable absence of research on the effects of sanctions on the peacebuilding capacity of tourism and their relationship to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This situation is surprising given that both sanctions and tourism are promoted as a force for peace and reconciliation processes. Drawing upon international relations and political science and via semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in the Iranian tourism and hospitality industry, this study investigates whether sanctions contribute to peace and create an environment suitable for tourism development. The findings indicate how the imposition, relaxation and then reimposition of sanctions by international state actors as a means of peace have paralyzed the Iranian tourism industry through its psychological, sectoral, and societal effects and mobility restrictions. The consequences of sanctions and their sharp contrast with the SDGs are also explored. This study fills a significant gap in tourism research by examining the implications of the application of a widely used coercive geopolitical tool of statecraft in relation to the peace and tourism nexus.

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Section: Peace Through Tourism and Sanctionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism, peace and sustainability in sanctions-ridden destinations

Seyfi

Hall

Vo‐Thanh

2020

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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“…Hernández and González-Martel (2017) study how the observed bipartite lodging-service networks can result from a growth process that yields degree distributions, which, depending on a parameter that controls the probability of preferential attachment, leads to a shifted power law in one extreme case or an exponential distribution in the other. Another original NA application to tourism is presented in Khalilzadeh (2018), who applies ERGM to the bipartite network between destinations and attitudinal values. of filtering the edges so as to obtain a simplified version with the most relevant information must be devised.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A complex network analysis of global tourism flows

Lozano

Gutiérrez

2018

Journal of Tourism Research

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In this paper, the global tourism network (GTN) is studied in order to gain insight about its structure and the interactions between source and destination markets. To concentrate on the main source and destination markets for each country, only its top k inbound and outbound flows are considered. The distribution of these most important ties in international tourism seems to be scale-free, with some occurrence of reciprocity, large transitivity, and high-degree centralization. The GTN shows a clustered structure determined by geographical as well as trade and cultural factors.Each major global and regional power seems to have a certain tourism sphere of influence. The network has a small world character and a high degree of geographic homophily, with more links within continents than between continents. Exponential random graph models have been fit to explain the observed global structure of the network based on its local interactions, and a number of significant motifs have been identified. The picture that results is a GTN that emerges from superimposed local processes in which tourism flows between countries is determined from multiple independent individual decisions made at the local level. This insight that global tourism patterns are driven by local processes is a major contribution of this research and can help develop strategic plans and cooperation partnerships at the national and regional levels, involving private and public stakeholders and targeting specific source and destination markets. The indicators computed using network analysis of global tourism flows can also be used to complement and enrich the information provided by current tourism statistics. KEYWORDS clustered structure, emergent structure, geographic homophily, scale-free, small world, top inbound/outbound flows

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“…There is debate about whether tourism brings peace or peace brings tourism. Pratt and Liu (2016) conclude that tourism benefits from peace rather than contributes to peace, and Khalilzadeh (2018) argues that tourism is more of a 'peacekeeper' than a 'peacemaker'. Our research demonstrates that an in situ liminal, emotive peace tourism experience, can generate tolerance, respect, trust, sympathy, and empathy towards others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living in theWakeof Rural Irish Troubles: building an institution for sustainable peace through emotive out-of-place tourism

Erwin

Sturm

2021

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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During the thirty-year period known as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, 3500 people died and thousands more suffered physical disabilities and psychological trauma. Belfast, among other conflict cities, helped inspire the term 'dark tourism' in 1989. The country continues to be in conflict but is officially in a period of peace. Northern Ireland has been the theme for much peace and reconciliation research, but literature to date concentrates on polarised discourses rather than rural representation. Toward meeting and expanding the UN SDG16 peace goals, this research explores how what we term emotive peace tourism can be used as a methodology to affect emotional reconciliation registers in a unique rural Northern Ireland visitor experience. Bringing domestic tourists from Catholic and Protestant communities into face-to-face contact through a liminal participative 'out-of-place' visitor experience, we choreographed and performed a series of "Troubles" events: a guided night walk through a checkpoint, an IRA Wake, a UDA Funeral, and a Mixed-Marriage. Contributing to the debate as to whether tourism is more of a 'peacekeeper' than a 'peacemaker', our research demonstrates that an in situ liminal, emotive peace tourism experience, can generate sustainable tolerance, respect, trust, sympathy, and empathy towards others in post-conflict Northern Ireland and likely elsewhere.

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Demonstration of exponential random graph models in tourism studies: Is tourism a means of global peace or the bottom line?

Cited by 51 publications

References 38 publications

Tourism, peace and sustainability in sanctions-ridden destinations

Tourism, peace and sustainability in sanctions-ridden destinations

A complex network analysis of global tourism flows

Living in theWakeof Rural Irish Troubles: building an institution for sustainable peace through emotive out-of-place tourism

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