Democracy and Gender Equality

Beer, Caroline

doi:10.1007/s12116-009-9043-2

Cited by 111 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…We use democracy index, measured as average of political rights and civil liberties, in our empirical model because it is widely conjectured that democratic societies pay greater attention to gender balance compared to authoritarian regimes (Norris & Inglehart, 2001;Beer, 2009). Neumayer & De Soysa (2007p.…”

Section: Control Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligence and gender (in)equality: Empirical evidence from developing countries

Salahodjaev

Azam

2015

Intelligence

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This paper makes an attempt to explore whether intelligence of nations is related to gender inequality, measured by Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), in developing countries.Related literature robustly links intelligence to economic development, poverty, quality of institutions and informal economic activity. Controlling for conventional antecedents of gender inequality (i.e. religion, political regime, legal origins and trade openness), this paper finds that, on average, a 10-point increase in national IQ scores in the developing world is associated with an 8.2 point reduction in SIGI, ceteris paribus. To test the robustness of our findings we apply instrumental variables (IV) and robust regression methods. We also test whether our results are sensitive to the choice of control variables and heterogeneity of nations in our sample. The negative association of intelligence with gender inequality remains statistically significant and intact in all cases.

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Section: Control Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligence and gender (in)equality: Empirical evidence from developing countries

Salahodjaev

Azam

2015

Intelligence

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“…Democratically elected governments might be less inclined to abuse their citizens' rights, including women's rights, as they are constrained by various institutional mechanisms such as systems of checks and balances and leaders' possibility of losing office through elections (Beer 2009;Norris and Inglehart 2001; see also Mitchell and McCormick 1988;Poe and Tate 1994;Poe et al 1999). Regime type could also direct WRO shaming attention; Murdie and Urpelainen (2014) find that environmental INGOs, for example, are more likely to shame non-democracies.…”

Section: Covariates Of Government Respect For Women's Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women’s rights INGO shaming and the government respect for women’s rights

Murdie

Peksen

2014

Rev Int Organ

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How effective are women's rights international non-governmental organizations (WROs) in improving government respect for women's rights? In this paper, we argue that WROs can be powerful actors in advancing women's status, especially when they adopt a specific advocacy strategy: "naming and shaming" of governments or non-governmental agents. We assert that a targeted "naming and shaming" publicity strategy is necessary to exert pressure on the government to enforce women's internationally recognized rights. Using a new dataset on the advocacy activities of over 1,595 WROs, we test the implications of our argument in a global statistical model from 1991 to 2005. The results indicate that WRO shaming is likely to improve women's economic and social rights while having no discernible impact on women's political rights. We also find that the mere presence of WROs is unlikely to have a significant impact on women's rights. One major implication of the findings is that any significant improvement in respect for women's rights partly requires a strong voice in advocacy. The findings also suggest that governments that face pressure from advocacy groups are more inclined to promote and enforce only the rights that do not threaten their own political power and status, such as women's social and economic rights.

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“…Even at the macro-level, Beer (2009) and Donno and Russett (2004) found that countries with higher proportions of urban residents offer more rights and opportunities to women. Although the majority (75%) of Afghans lives in rural areas (Central Intelligence Agency 2010), Kabul and other large cities do possess an urban middle class (Roy 2009).…”

Section: H 2c Urbanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Role Attitudes: Who Supports Expanded Rights for Women in Afghanistan?

Manganaro

Alozie

2011

Sex Roles

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We use survey data from a national probability sample of 6,593 adult Afghans and multivariate regression that estimates the effects of several factors on separate indices of gender role attitudes generated by exploratory factor analysis to explore whether men and women differ in their gender role attitudes and the extent to which ecological and socio-demographic factors may mediate both within-and across-group differences. We find that men and women differ in their gender role attitudes, as men report more conservative attitudes than women. These differences manifest whether gender role attitude is measured as procuring basic rights for women, or empowering women politically. Moreover, men and women's gender role attitudes are not immutable-education, ethnicity, and urbanization and, in women's case, generational replacement-all act to mediate these differences. The profile of the Afghan man who would hold liberal gender role attitudes is an educated urbanite, non-Sunni or nonPashtun, who believes in the compatibility of democracy and Islam, trusts outsiders, has exposure to the formal media, and would extend equal rights to all irrespective of gender, religion, or ethnicity. That of the woman is of a younger, educated urbanite, non-Pashtun, who believes in the compatibility of democracy and Islam, trusts outsiders, has exposure to the formal media, and would extend equal rights to all regardless of gender, religion, or ethnicity.

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Democracy and Gender Equality

Cited by 111 publications

References 34 publications

Intelligence and gender (in)equality: Empirical evidence from developing countries

Intelligence and gender (in)equality: Empirical evidence from developing countries

Women’s rights INGO shaming and the government respect for women’s rights

Gender Role Attitudes: Who Supports Expanded Rights for Women in Afghanistan?

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