“…Normative theory argues that deliberation results in better policy decisions (e.g., lessens impacts of bounded rationality, forces public justification of private demands, increases policy consensus, legitimizes the ultimate choice), builds community capacity (e.g., cultivates leadership, promotes community organizing, and fosters collaboration), and benefits individual participants (e.g., provides civic education, refines individual positions, builds political efficacy and sophistication, and fosters mutual understanding between perspectives) (Bohman, ; Cohen, ; Dryzek, ; Gutmann & Thompson, ). In turn, empirical research has evaluated the extent to which these instrumental benefits are accomplished in practice (for review, see Kinney, ; Pincock, ; Ryfe, ).…”