Déjà en emploi justificatif

When Increasing the Strength of the Argument Becomes Counterproductive: The Role of Argumentative Markers in the Arousal of the Psychological Reactance

“…Scholars in linguistics interested in the persuasiveness of language investigated “scalar adverbs” such as “already” (Apotheloz & Nowakowska, 2011; Michaelis, 1996), “almost” (Jarvella & Lundquist, 1994; Van Gerrevink & De Hoop, 2007; Winterstein & Schaden, 2011), “even” (Kay, 1990; Snoeck-Henkemans, 2010), “only” and “more than”(Fahnestock, 1998; Jarvella & Mathieu, 2000) and claimed that, given the rhetorical use which can be made of them, they make of the statements into which they are integrated, better candidates for the role of argument, increasing the persuasiveness of a piece of writing (Jayez & Tovena, 2008). For instance, Van Gerrevink and de Hoop (2007) argued that given a situation where reality does not support a certain point he wants to make, the speaker can use a formulation with almost to make a statement that twists reality in such a way that it does support the conclusion.…”

Is the Marker the Message? The Role of Some Scalar Adverbs in the Processing of a Public Health Appeal and Its Effectiveness

“…Indeed, in this area of research, it has been largely claimed that “scalar adverbs,” such as already , almost , even , and only , due to the rhetorical use which can be made of them, make of the statements into which they are integrated, better candidates for the role of argument, increasing the persuasiveness of a piece of writing (Jayez & Tovena, 2008). Michaelis (1996, p. 500) argued that “certain functions of already can be used in the service of a particular argumentative goal,” and Apotheloz and Nowakowska (2011, p. 259) argued that “the use of already [is] fundamentally argumentative.” Winterstein and Schaden (2011, p. 135) argued that “one classical example of a word with argumentative properties is almost. ” Similarly, Van Gerrevink and de Hoop (2007) argued that given a situation where reality does not support a certain point he wants to make, the speaker can use a formulation with almost to make a statement that twists reality in such a way that it does support the conclusion.…”

De la force des arguments à la force argumentative du message : Considérations théoriques et présentation d’une recherche appliquée en santé publique.

“…Or, il existe dans la langue un certain nombre d’éléments lexicaux dits « adverbes scalaires » qui, de par l’usage rhétorique qui peut en être fait, font de l’énoncé auxquels ils sont intégrés un meilleur candidat au rôle d’argument, lui conférant une supériorité en qualité d’argument (Winterstein & Schaden, 2011). Il en est ainsi pour les termes presque (par ex., Jayez & Tovena, 2008; Van Gerrevink & De Hoop, 2007; Winterstein, 2013), déjà (par ex., Apotheloz & Nowakowska, 2011; Michaelis, 1996), ou encore même (par ex., Kay, 1990; Snoeck-Henkemans, 2010). Ainsi il apparaît assez consensuel chez ces auteurs que l’insertion de ces adverbes dans un énoncé a pour effet d’en renforcer la valeur d’argument, contribuant ainsi à accroître sa force persuasive 4 , comme en atteste, par exemple, ce propos emprunté à Van Gerrevink et De Hoop (2007, p. 233) : « Given a situation where reality does not support a certain point he wants to make, the speaker can use a formulation with almost to make a statement that twists reality in such a way that it does support the conclusion.…”