Degradation of p-Aminoazobenzene byBacillus subtilis

Abstract

Summary. p-Aminoazobenzene (PAAB) was degradated by Bacillus subtilis. Both aniline and p-phenylenediamine as degradative compounds from PAAB were identified by thin layer chromatographic-, and high performance liquid chromatographic-methods. This fact suggests that the first degradative reaction of PAAB by B. subtilis is reductive fission of azo bond in PAAB.PAAB has been used as one of dispersing dyestuffs in dyeing industry. Recently, it has become known that many dyestuffs cause environmental pollution due to their resistance against biodegradation. PAAB can also be said to be in this category; moreover, it is found that PAAB is not only hardly degradated by activated sludge, but also decreases the activity of activated sludge. Because of this, PAAB must be degradated by some special microorganism.In discussing the metabolism of azo compounds by mammals, it has been reported by (Fours et al., 1957;Daniel, 1962; and West66, 1965) that azo compounds were reductively cleaved. On the other hand, the metabolism of azo compounds by microorganisms has only been studied using brewer's yeast (Eisenbrand and Klauck, 1955), baker's yeast (Mecke and Schm~ihl, 1957) and Proteus vulgaris from intestines of rats (Roxon et al., 1966;1967). In screening the activity of bacteria to degradate PAAB, we found that B. subtilis degradated PAAB faster and stronger than other bacteria examined.In this paper, degradative conditions of PAAB by B. subtilis, isolation, identification of aniline and p-phenylenediamine as degradative compounds from PAAB by thin layer chromatographic-, and high performance liquid chromatographic-methods, and preparation of cell-free extract having PAAB reductase activity from B. subtilis are reported. Materials and MethodsCbemicals. All chemicals used in this work were commercial products.

Microbial decolorization of reactive black-5 in a two-stage anaerobic–aerobic reactor using acclimatized activated textile sludge

“…Some prominently featured bacteria are: Bacillus subtilis (Horitsu et al 1997;Zissi et al 1997), Bacteroides sp., Eubacteria sp., Clostridium sp., and Pseudomonas spp. For example, pseudomonas spp.…”

Decolourization of Industrial Effluents – Available Methods and Emerging Technologies – A Review

“…Efforts to isolate bacterial cultures capable of degrading azo dyes started in 1970's with reports of Bacillus subtilis (Horistsu et al 1977) followed by Aeromonas hydrophilia (Idaka & Ogewa 1978) and Bacillus cereus (Wuhrmann et al 1980). Klebsiella pneumoniae RS-13 andAcetobacter liquefaciens S-1 capable of decolourizing methyl Red have been reported as suitable for future application in azo-dye containing industrial effluents (Wong and Yeun 1996).…”

Decolorization of diazo dye Direct Red 81 by a novel bacterial consortium

“…Unfortunately, most azo dyes are recalcitrant to aerobic degradation by bacterial cells (Pagga & Brown 1986;Bras et al 2001). However, there are few known microorganisms that have the ability to reductively cleave azo bonds under aerobic conditions (Horitsu et al 1977;Ogawa et al 1986;Wong & Yuen 1996;Coughlin et al 2002). Efforts to isolate bacterial cultures capable of degrading azo dyes started in the 1970s with reports of Bacillus subtilis (Horitsu et al 1977), then Aeromonas hydrophila (Idaka & Ogawa 1978) followed by Bacillus cereus (Wuhrmann et al 1980).…”