Degradation of ferritic stainless steels under conditions used for solid oxide fuel cells and electrolyzers at varying oxygen pressures

Progress in metal-supported solid oxide electrolysis cells: A review

“…For oxide-conducting SOECs, the relevant atmospheres are dry oxygen, and steam with hydrogen, Fig 1b. A few studies considering oxidation of stainless steel interconnects in electrolysis conditions indicate that oxidation in pure oxygen is similar to air, and the mechanism and scale composition are not significantly affected. The oxidation rate in oxygen was found to be the same or slightly higher than in air at 850 to 900°C, although the grain size of the oxide scale was larger for oxygen [73,74]. Importantly, Cr evaporation in dry oxygen was slower than in moist air, and it is reasonable to assume that Cr poisoning in oxideconducting SOECs will be slower than typically observed for SOFCs with moist air.…”

“…Stainless steel (20.6% Cr) (c) uncoated and (d) coated with La(Mn,Co)0.8O3 after exposure to 1:2 H2O:H2 for ~200 h at 700°C. Reproduced with permission from Reference[74] (e) Breakaway oxidation observed on P434L stainless steel with Pr6O11 coating after operation in fuel cell mode at 600°C. The delaminated and heavily oxidized stainless steel top layer was exposed to air.…”

Current State and Future Prospects for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems

“…Moreover, SOFCs can be used as a substitute for electrochemical batteries due to their high efficiencies even in in reverse mode as solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) in which steam is electrolysed into hydrogen by feeding water and electric current into the cell to produce hydrogen and oxygen. [133]. Owing to these excellent properties and their modularity, fuel adaptability, diverse scale of application (small, medium and large scale) and vibration free, quiet operation, SOFC are promising candidates for use in the field of energy storage and conversion in the future [134,135].…”

CHAPTER 3 Characterisation of Thermal Oxide Scales on Stainless Steels

“…The literature [1][2][3][4][5] always reports the oxide morphology obtained from electron micrographs because it helps visualise the oxide morphology and topography. The focused ion beam coupled with scanning electron microscope is the superior technique because the focused ion beam is used for the cross-sectioning preparation inside the vacuum chamber when the electron microscope is operated, allowing to reveal the information of matter from surface to the desired depth such as morphology [6][7]. Chemical compositions of oxides are generally analysed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy [8][9][10] and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [11][12][13][14].…”