“…Given the sheer diversity of the defects of democracy, there is probably no one primary cause which leads to illiberal, enclave, or delegative democracies, but rather a set of causes. For lack of space and setting aside the influence of international factors as an explanatory variable, we focus on four categories of potential causes accounting for defects of democracy: 1) socio-economic variables, (2) cultural and historical factors, (3) stateness and nation building, and (4) political institutions (CROISSANT 2002;MERKEL et al 2003). …”